1. Ukuqonda Izabelo
Stocks, ezidla ngokubizwa ngokuba zizabelo okanye izabelo, zizixhobo zemali ezimele ubunini kwinkampani. Xa uthenga isitokhwe, uthenga isiqwenga senkampani, sikwenza ube ngumnini sabelo. Oku kukunika ibango kwinxalenye yempahla yenkampani kunye nemivuzo.
Umzekelo, ukuba inkampani inezabelo ze-1,000 zesitokhwe esibalaseleyo kwaye ungumnikazi we-100, umnikazi we-10% yenkampani. Kubalulekile ukuqaphela, nangona kunjalo, ukuba isitokhwe senkampani akuthethi ukuba unelizwi kwimisebenzi yemihla ngemihla yeshishini. Nangona kunjalo, ikunika ilungelo lokuvota kwintlanganiso yonyaka yenkampani kwaye ufumane naziphi na izabelo ezibhengeziweyo.
Izahlulelo ziyinxalenye yengeniso yenkampani ethi isasazwe kubaninizabelo. Ayizizo zonke iinkampani ezihlawula imbuyekezo, ngakumbi ezo zikumashishini okukhula afana nobuchwepheshe, apho iingeniso zihlala zityalwa kwakhona kwishishini.
Izabelo zi traded kutshintshiselwano olufana neNew York Stock Exchange (NYSE) okanye iNASDAQ. Ixabiso lesitokhwe lichongwa ngokunikezelwa kunye nemfuno kwimarike. Ukuba abantu abaninzi bafuna ukuthenga isitokhwe (imfuno) kunokuthengisa (ukubonelela), ngoko ixabiso lihamba phezulu. Ngokwahlukileyo, ukuba abantu abaninzi bafuna ukuthengisa isitokhwe kunokuba bathenge, kuya kubakho ukubonelela okukhulu kunemfuno, kwaye ixabiso liya kuwa.
Ukutyala imali kwii-stocks kunokuba yindlela enamandla yokwakha ubutyebi ngokuhamba kwexesha, njengoko ixabiso leenkampani otyalomali kuzo likhula. Nangona kunjalo, kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuba ukutyalomali kwizitokhwe nako kuza nemingcipheko. Ixabiso lesitokhwe linokuhla kunye nokunyuka, kwaye kuhlala kukho ithuba lokuba inkampani iphume kwishishini.
Research ngundoqo xa utyala imali kwizitokhwe. Kubalulekile ukuqonda imodeli yeshishini lenkampani, isikhundla sayo sokhuphiswano kwishishini, kunye nempilo yayo yezemali. Oku kunokukunceda wenze izigqibo ezizizo kwaye unciphise ezinye iingozi ezinxulumene nokutyalomali kwizitokhwe.
1.1. Inkcazo yeeMpahla
Kwihlabathi elixakekileyo lorhwebo, esitokisini babambe isikhundla esibaluleke kakhulu. Bamele uhlobo lotyalo-mali olukuvumela ukuba ube ngumnini weqhekeza esidlangalaleni-traded inkampani. Xa uthenga isitokhwe senkampani, uthenga intwana yaloo nkampani, eyaziwa ngokuba yi isabelo. Esi sabelo sikunika ibango kwii-asethi zenkampani kunye nemivuzo.
Stocks zihlala zibizwa ngokuba ukulingana kuba banika umnini ukulingana, okanye ubunini obuyinxenye, kwinkampani. Obu bunini buza nethuba lokufumana umvuzo wemali ngohlobo lwezabelo, eziyinxalenye yengeniso yenkampani eyabelwa abaninizabelo. Nangona kunjalo, ukuba ne-stocks nako kuthwala ingozi. Ixabiso lesitokhwe linokuguquguquka, ngamanye amaxesha ngokumangalisayo, ngokusekelwe kwizinto ezisuka kwimpilo yemali yenkampani ukuya kwiimeko zoqoqosho ngokubanzi.
Ubuhle bezitokhwe buxhomekeke ekukhuleni kwazo. Ngokuhamba kwexesha, iinkampani ezisebenza kakuhle zinokunyuka kwixabiso, ezibangela ukuba ixabiso leempahla zabo liphakame. Oku kunika abaninimasheya ithuba lokuthengisa izabelo zabo ukuze bafumane inzuzo. Okukhangayo ngakumbi, ezinye izitokhwe zinokubonelela ngengeniso eqhubekayo ngokusebenzisa izabelo, nokuba ixabiso lesitokhwe alinyuki.
Kubalulekile ukukhumbula oko esitokisini asiyondlela eqinisekisiweyo yokwenza imali. Baluhlobo lwe Utyalomali kwezemali, oku kuthetha ukuba bathwala amandla embuyekezo ephezulu kodwa kunye nelahleko enkulu. Isitshixo sotyalo-mali lwesitokhwe esiyimpumelelo silele ekuqondeni iinkampani otyala kuzo, ukwahlula ipotifoliyo yakho, kunye nokwamkela imbono yexesha elide.
Ngokwenyani, izitokhwe zikunika ithuba lokukhulisa ubutyebi bakho kwaye unokufumana umvuzo. Ziyinxalenye ebalulekileyo yayo nayiphi na ipotifoliyo yotyalo-mali kunye necandelo eliphambili lesicwangciso semali sexesha elide. Ukanti, zikwafuna uqwalaselo nokuqonda ngenyameko. Njenge trader, uthumo lwakho kukuzulazula kwihlabathi eliguqukayo lesitokhwe ngolwazi, isicwangciso, kunye neliso elibukhali lethuba.
1.2. Iintlobo zeZitokhwe
Ukuntywila nzulu kwihlabathi lorhwebo, sidibana nothotho lweentlobo zesitokhwe, nganye ineempawu zayo ezizodwa kunye neenzuzo ezinokubakho. Okokuqala, sinayo Izabelo eziqhelekileyo, olulolona didi luxhaphakileyo. Banikezela ngesabelo esilinganayo kwinzuzo kunye nelahleko yenkampani, kwaye beza namalungelo okuvota kwiintlanganiso zabaninizabelo.
Okulandelayo, sinayo Izabelo ezikhethwayo. Ezi zifana ne-hybrid of stocks kunye neebhondi. Abaninimasheya abakhethwayo banandipha ibango eliphezulu kwimivuzo yenkampani kunye nempahla, befumana izabelo phambi kwabaninimasheya abaqhelekileyo. Nangona kunjalo, abanawo amalungelo okuvota.
Kwabo bathanda isuntswana incasa ngamazwe, kukho Izabelo zangaphandle. Ezi zizabelo kwiinkampani ezizinze ngaphandle kwelizwe lakho. Ukutyala imali kwizitokhwe zangaphandle kunokwahluka ipotifoliyo yakho, kodwa ikwaza nemingcipheko eyongezelelweyo, njengokuguquguquka kwemali kunye nokungaqiniseki kwezopolitiko.
Emva koko sinayo Izitokhwe zokukhula kwaye Ixabiso lezabelo. Izitokhwe zokukhula zezenkampani ekulindeleke ukuba zikhule ngesantya esingaphezulu komndilili xa kuthelekiswa nezinye iinkampani. Abafane bahlawule izabelo, njengoko bephinda betyala umvuzo wabo kuhlumo olungakumbi. Kwelinye icala, isitokhwe sexabiso sezenkampani ezithathwa njengengabalulekanga xa kuthelekiswa nexabiso lazo langaphakathi. Bahlala behlawula izabelo kwaye banokuba lukhetho oluhle kubatyali-mali abagxile kwingeniso.
Okokugqibela, sinawo Izabelo zeBlue-Chip. Ezi zizabelo kwiinkampani ezinkulu, ezisekwe kakuhle, kunye nezizinzileyo ngokwemali ezinembali yokusebenza okuthembekileyo. 'Ziziibheji ezikhuselekileyo' zelizwe lesitokhwe, zihlala zihlawula izabelo eziqhelekileyo.
Khumbula, nganye kwezi ntlobo zesitokhwe inomngcipheko wayo kunye nemivuzo. Ukhetho lwakho kufuneka luhambelane neenjongo zakho zotyalo-mali, ukunyamezela umngcipheko, kunye nobude bexesha.
1.3. Indlela Izabelo Ezisebenza Ngayo
Yiba nomfanekiso-ngqondweni wemarike ephithizelayo, izele ngabathengisi, ngamnye ethengisa intwana yenkampani. Lo ngundoqo wendlela izitokhwe ezisebenza ngayo. Xa uthenga isitokhwe, uthenga i incinci encinci yenkampani, isabelo sokuphumelela kwabo (okanye ukungaphumeleli). Kufana nokuba neqhekeza lemarike ephithizelayo, ngaphandle kokujongana neemeko zemihla ngemihla zokuqhuba ishishini.
Ixabiso lesitokhwe limiselwa liqela lezinto, kubandakanywa umvuzo wenkampani, uqoqosho, kunye noluvo lomtyali-mali. Yi inkqubo eguquguqukayo, namaxabiso ahla enyuka njengoko abathengi nabathengisi begxuphuleka ngeyona ndlela ilungileyo. Xa inkampani isebenza kakuhle, ixabiso lesitokhwe liyanda. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukusebenza kakubi kunokukhokelela ekunciphiseni kwexabiso lempahla.
Wenza imali kwimarike yemasheya ngeendlela ezimbini eziphambili: iinzuzo ezinkulu kunye nezabelo. Iinzuzo zenkunzi zenzeka xa uthengisa isitokhwe ngaphezu kokuba usihlawulele. Izahlulo, kwelinye icala, yinxalenye yengeniso yenkampani eyabelwa abanini-zabelo.
Nangona kunjalo, kubalulekile ukukhumbula oko izitokhwe ziza nemingcipheko. Imarike yemasheya ayinakucingelwa kwaye amaxabiso angawa kunye nokunyuka. Unokuphulukana nenye, okanye yonke, yotyalo-mali lwakho. Ke ngoko, kubalulekile ukwenza uphando lwakho kwaye uqwalasele iinjongo zakho zemali kunye nokunyamezela umngcipheko ngaphambi kokuba ungene.
Kwihlabathi lesitokhwe, ulwazi ngamandla. Okukhona uqonda malunga nendlela izitokhwe ezisebenza ngayo, kokukhona ukuxhotyiswe ngcono ukuhamba kwindawo yentengiso kwaye wenze izigqibo ezinolwazi. Ke, qengqeleka imikhono yakho kwaye uqalise ukufunda malunga nelizwe elinomdla lesitokhwe. Ngapha koko, ukuba neqhekeza lenkampani ayikokwenza imali kuphela, kumalunga nokuba yinxalenye yoqoqosho olubanzi kunye negalelo ekukhuleni kwayo.
1.4. Kutheni iiNkampani zikhupha izitokhwe
Ukunyathela kwindawo yemarike yemasheya, kubalulekile ukuqonda isizathu esingundoqo sokuba kutheni iinkampani zikhupha izitokhwe. Okona kusisiseko, inkampani ikhupha isitokhwe ukunyusa inkunzi. Eli linyathelo lobuchule lokuthintela ukuqokeleleka kwamatyala. Endaweni yokuboleka imali kunye nokuhlawula inzala, bathengisa inxalenye yeshishini labo kubatyali-mali. Le mali ke ingasetyenziselwa ukuxhasa uphando kunye nophuhliso, ukwandisa imisebenzi, okanye ukuhlawula amatyala akhoyo.
Ukukhutshwa kwezitokhwe ikwabonelela iinkampani ngethuba lokutsala nokugcina abasebenzi abanetalente. Ngokubonelela ngeenketho zesitokhwe, iinkampani zinokukhuthaza abasebenzi ukuba basebenzele ukukhula kunye nempumelelo yeshishini. Emva kwayo yonke loo nto, ukuba inkampani yenza kakuhle, izitokhwe zabo ziya kunyuka kwixabiso, ukudala imeko yokuphumelela kwinkampani kunye nomqeshwa.
Ngaphezu koko, ukuya esidlangalaleni ngeSibonelelo sikaWonke-wonke (IPO) sinokunyusa kakhulu isidima senkampani. Luphawu lokuqola kunye nempumelelo, nto leyo enokutsala abatyali-mali ngakumbi kwaye idale ukubhengezwa okuhle.
Nangona kunjalo, kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuba ukukhupha izitokhwe kuthetha ukwabelana ngolawulo. Abaninimasheya banamalungelo okuvota, kwaye iqela elikhulu ngokwaneleyo linokuba nefuthe kwizigqibo zenkampani. Kungenxa yoko le nto iinkampani ezininzi zikhetha ukugcina inxalenye enkulu yesitokhwe sabo ukugcina ulawulo.
Kwimeko, Ukukhupha izitokhwe linyathelo lesicwangciso-qhinga elinokuphembelela ukukhula, ukutsala italente, kunye nokwandisa isidima, ngeli lixa kwabiwa ubunini beshishini nabatyali-zimali. Njengomtyali-mali, ukuqonda ezi zikhuthazo kunokukunceda wenze izigqibo ezinolwazi ngakumbi kwimarike yemasheya.
1.5. Indima yeZitokhwe kwiPotfoliyo yoTyalo-mali
Kulwandlekazi olukhulu lweendlela zotyalo-mali, esitokisini zigqame njengesixhobo esinamandla sokudala ubutyebi. Bamele isiqwenga sobunini kwinkampani kwaye banikezela ngamathuba embuyekezo yemali ebalulekileyo. Nangona kunjalo, kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuba izitokhwe azilotikiti lobutyebi kwangoko. Zizibophelelo zexesha elide ezifuna umonde, isicwangciso, kunye nokuqonda okubukhali kweemarike.
Ukutyala imali kwizitokhwe kukuvumela ukuba ube ngumnini wenkampani. Oku kuthetha ukuba njengoko inkampani ikhula kwaye iphumelela, ngokunjalo utyalo-mali lwakho. Ixabiso lesitokhwe sakho liyenyuka, nto leyo ekhokelela kuxabiso lwenkunzi. Ngaphaya koko, iinkampani ezininzi zisasaza inxalenye yengeniso yazo kubaninizabelo ngohlobo lwe izabelo, ukubonelela ngengeniso eqhubekayo.
Ukanti, izitokhwe azinayo imingcipheko. Imarike yemasheya iyaguquguquka, kwaye amaxabiso anokuguquguquka ngokubanzi ngexesha elifutshane. Ke ngoko, kubalulekile ukwahlula ipotifoliyo yakho ngomxube wezitokhwe, iibhondi, kunye nezinye ii-asethi ukusasaza umngcipheko. Kulapho indima yesitokhwe kwipotifoliyo yotyalo-mali ibaluleke kakhulu.
Portfolio ulwahlulo sisicwangciso solawulo lomngcipheko esixuba iindidi ezininzi zotyalo-mali ngaphakathi kwipotfoliyo. Ingqiqo emva kobu buchule bugxininisa ukuba ipotifoliyo eyakhiwe ngeentlobo ezahlukeneyo zotyalo-mali, ngokomndilili, iya kuvelisa imbuyekezo ephezulu kwaye ibeke umngcipheko ophantsi kunolo naluphi na utyalo-mali lomntu olufunyenwe kwipotifoliyo. Izabelo zidlala indima ebalulekileyo kolu tshintsho.
Ngelixa iibhondi zibonelela ngengeniso ezinzileyo kwaye azikho mngcipheko kancinane, zikwabonelela ngembuyekezo ephantsi. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, izitokhwe, kunye namandla azo okubuyisela okuphezulu, zinokulinganisa iprofayili ephantsi yomngcipheko we-bonds. Le bhalansi inokunceda ukuzuza imbuyekezo ezinzileyo kwaye engaguqukiyo kwipotifoliyo yakho yotyalo-mali.
Ngokwenyani, izitokhwe zinokuba yinxalenye ebalulekileyo yepotfoliyo yakho yotyalo-mali. Banikezela ngamathuba okukhula kunye nengeniso, kwaye xa isetyenziswe ngokubambisana nezinye iintlobo zotyalo-mali, inokunceda ukulawula umngcipheko kunye nokunyusa imbuyekezo. Nangona kunjalo, kubalulekile ukuqonda ukunyamezela kwakho umngcipheko kunye neenjongo zotyalo-mali ngaphambi kokungena kwilizwe lesitokhwe. Ukutyala imali kwizitokhwe akukhona nje ukukhetha abaphumeleleyo, kodwa malunga nokuqonda kunye nokulawula ubungozi obunokubakho.
2. Ukuqalisa ngokuRhweba
Ukurhweba ngamasheya lilinge elinika umdla, kodwa kubalulekile ukuqonda iziseko phambi kokuba ungene. Ilizwe lesitokhwe likhulu kwaye liyahluka, linika intaphane yamathuba abo bazama ukuhamba emanzini alo axokozelayo.
Okokuqala kwaye ngaphambi kwento yonke, kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuba yintoni isitokhwe. Ngeyona ndlela ilula, isitokhwe simele isabelo kubunini benkampani. Xa uthenga isitokhwe, uthenga isiqwenga sempahla yenkampani kunye nemivuzo. Oku kukunika ilungelo kwinxalenye yenzuzo yenkampani kunye nelizwi kwizigqibo zayo eziphambili.
Okwesibini, kufuneka uqonde indlela i-stock market isebenza ngayo. I-stock market yindawo yokuthengisa apho abathengi kunye nabathengisi trade izitokhwe. Ixabiso lesitokhwe lichongwa ngokubonelelwa kunye nemfuno, kwaye liyaguquguquka kulo lonke usuku lokurhweba. Injongo yokuthengiswa kwempahla kukuthenga amasheya ngexabiso eliphantsi kwaye uthengise ngexabiso eliphezulu ukwenza inzuzo.
Okwesithathu, kufuneka ukwazi ukuhlalutya amasheya. Oku kubandakanya ukujonga iingxelo zemali zenkampani, ukufunda indlela esebenza ngayo, kunye nokuvavanya amathemba ekamva layo. Kukwabalulekile ukuqwalasela imeko yoqoqosho ngokubanzi kunye nempilo yeshishini apho inkampani isebenza khona.
Ekugqibeleni, kufuneka uphuhlise a cwangciso lo shishino. Esi sisicwangciso sesenzo esikhokela izigqibo zakho zokurhweba. Kufuneka ithathele ingqalelo iinjongo zakho zemali, ukunyamezela umngcipheko, kunye ne-investment horizon. Ingaba ukhetha ukwamkela isicwangciso sexesha elide lokuthenga kunye nokubamba okanye indlela yokurhweba yosuku olufutshane, ukuba nesicwangciso esicacileyo nesicatshangelwe kakuhle singundoqo ekuthengiseni i-stock market.
Khumbula, ukurhweba ngesitokhwe ayisoskimu sokutyeba ngokukhawuleza. Kufuna ixesha, umgudu, nomonde. Kodwa ngolwazi oluchanekileyo kunye neqhinga, inokuba yindlela enomvuzo yokukhulisa ubutyebi bakho. Wamkelekile kwihlabathi lokuthengisa isitokhwe - ilizwe lamathuba angapheliyo kunye nemiceli mngeni eyonwabisayo.
2.1. Iziseko zoRhwebo
Ukurhweba ngamasheya lihlabathi elibangelβ umdla, intaphane yamanani, iitshati, nejargon enokubonakala isoyikisa kubantu abangaziyo. Kodwa musa ukoyika! Ngokuzibamba ngokuqinileyo iziseko, unokujonga le ndalo inzima ngokulula.
I-stock market yindawo yokuthengisa apho abathengi kunye nabathengisi trade izabelo esidlangalaleni traded iinkampani. Ezi zabelo, okanye esitokisini, bamele ubunini kwinkampani. Xa uthenga isitokhwe, uthenga isiqwenga esincinci saloo nkampani, sikwenza ube ngumnini sabelo.
Ngeyona ndlela ilula, injongo yokuthengiswa kwempahla kukuthenga okuphantsi kunye nokuthengisa phezulu. Uthenga amasheya xa ukholelwa ukuba ixabiso labo liya kunyuka ngokuhamba kwexesha, kwaye uthengise xa ucinga ukuba ixabiso labo liye laphakama. Nangona kunjalo, akusoloko kuthe ngqo njengoko kuvakala. Ukuguquguquka kweemarike kunye nentaphane yezinye izinto ezinokuchaphazela ixabiso lesitokhwe, ukwenza ixesha le tradesa inkalo ebalulekileyo yorhwebo oluyimpumelelo.
Kukho iindlela ezimbini eziphambili zokurhweba ngamasheya: urhwebo usuku kwaye utyalo-mali olude. Usuku traders Thenga kwaye uthengise izitokhwe ngosuku olunye, ukwenza imali ekuguquguqukeni kwexesha elifutshane. Abatyalomali bexesha elide, ngakolunye uhlangothi, bathenga amasheya ngenjongo yokubamba iminyaka emininzi, ukubheja ekukhuleni kwabo kwexesha elide.
Ukuqonda iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zee-odolo ngomnye umba obalulekileyo worhwebo lwesitokhwe. A umyalelo wemarike sisicelo sokuthenga okanye ukuthengisa isitokhwe ngexabiso lemarike langoku. A umyalelo wokunciphisa, nangona kunjalo, isicelo sokuthenga okanye ukuthengisa isitokhwe ngexabiso elithile okanye elingcono.
Okokugqibela, kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuba lonke urhwebo isitokhwe kubandakanya ingozi. Kuyenzeka ukuba uphulukane nolunye okanye lonke utyalo-mali lwakho lokuqala. Ke ngoko, kubalulekile ukuphanda ngokucokisekileyo nasiphi na isitokhwe phambi kokwenza a trade kunye nokutyala imali kuphela onokuthi ukwazi ukuyilahleka.
Ekugqibeleni, urhwebo oluyimpumelelo lwesitokhwe lufuna umonde, uqeqesho, kunye nokuzimisela funda. Sisakhono esinokuthatha ixesha ukuze siphumelele, kodwa ngokuzingisa kunye nokuqonda okuqinileyo kweziseko, unokufumana umvuzo omkhulu.
2.2. Ukukhetha Stock Broker
Ukuhamba ngehlabathi lokurhweba ngempahla kunokuziva ngathi yi-labyrinth, kodwa uhambo luba nzima kakhulu kunye nesikhokelo esithembekileyo. Kulapho isitokhwebroker uyangena. A impahlabroker isebenza njengesikhokelo sakho sobuqu, ikunceda wenze izigqibo ezinolwazi malunga notyalo-mali lwakho. Bangabasebenzi abanelayisensi abathenga kwaye bathengise izibambiso egameni labathengi babo.
Nangona kunjalo, ayizizo zonke izitokhwebrokers zidalwe zilingana. Ukukhetha isitokhwe esifanelekileyobroker linyathelo elibalulekileyo elinokuchaphazela kakhulu uhambo lwakho lokurhweba. Uya kufuna ukuqwalasela izinto ezifana neentlawulo, i broker's isidima, umgangatho wenkonzo yabo yabathengi, kunye neqonga urhwebo abanikelayo.
Broker ntlawulo inokutya kwingeniso yakho, ngoko ke kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuba yimalini na broker iintlawulo ze trades. Abanye brokers ukunikela ikhomishini-free trades, ngelixa abanye babiza umrhumo osicaba nge trade.
The idumela yakho broker ibaluleke ngokufanayo. Ungasebenzisa izixhobo ezifana BrokerCheck ukuqinisekisa iimqinisekiso ze-a broker kwaye ubone ukuba banazo na izenzo zoluleko kwiirekhodi zabo.
inkonzo yabathengi unokwenza okanye ukwaphule amava akho okurhweba. Entle broker iya kubonelela ngenkonzo yabathengi ekhawulezayo neluncedo ukusombulula nayiphi na imiba onokuba unayo.
Gqi beleni, i iqonga lokurhweba ni kezelwa ngu broker kufuneka isebenziseke kwaye ixhotyiswe ngezixhobo eziyimfuneko zokukunceda wenze izigqibo zokurhweba ezinolwazi. Abanye brokers ikwabonelela ngezibonelelo zemfundo ukukunceda ukuba ufunde ngakumbi malunga norhwebo lwesitokhwe.
Khumbula, ukhetha isitokhwebroker ayisosigqibo sokwenziwa lula. Thatha ixesha lakho, wenze uphando lwakho, kwaye uqiniseke khetha i broker ehambelana neenjongo zakho zokurhweba kunye nesimbo.
2.3. Ukudala iSicwangciso soRhwebo lweStokhwe
Impumelelo kwimarike yemasheya asiyomveliso yamabona-ndenzile; sisiphumo sezigqibo ezicingisiswe kakuhle, ezibaliweyo. Inxalenye ebalulekileyo yokwenza ezi zigqibo kukuba nesicwangciso esomeleleyo sorhwebo lwesitokhwe. Kodwa yintoni kanye kanye isicwangciso sorhwebo lwesitokhwe, kwaye uyenza njani enye?
Isicwangciso sokurhweba ngesitokhwe siseti yemithetho kunye nezikhokelo ezichaza izenzo zakho zokurhweba. Kufana nemephu yendlela, ekukhokelela kwiindawo ezihlala ziguquguquka nezingacingelekiyo kwimarike yemasheya. Ikunceda ukuba uqikelele ixesha lokuthenga, ixesha lokuthengisa, kwaye nini ukubamba kwisitokhwe.
Ukudala isicwangciso sorhwebo lwesitokhwe kubandakanya amanyathelo ambalwa abalulekileyo. Okokuqala, kufuneka chaza iinjongo zakho zemali. Ngaba ujonge ukukhula kwenkunzi yexesha elide, okanye unomdla ngakumbi kwiinzuzo zexesha elifutshane? Iinjongo zakho ziya kuba nefuthe kakhulu kwisicwangciso sakho sokurhweba.
Okulandelayo, kufuneka ukuqonda ukunyamezela kwakho umngcipheko. Lo ngumlinganiselo womngcipheko ozimisele ukuwuthatha kwimisebenzi yakho yorhwebo. Kubalulekile ukuba unyaniseke kuwe apha - ukuba awukhululekanga notyalo-mali olusemngciphekweni omkhulu, kungcono ukunamathela kwizitokhwe ezikhuselekileyo, nezinokuqikelelwa ngakumbi.
Isinyathelo sesithathu ekudaleni isicwangciso sorhwebo lwesitokhwe uphando. Kufuneka ufunde imakethi, uqonde iintsingiselo, kwaye ufunde malunga neenkampani onomdla kutyalo-mali kuzo. Eli nyathelo lingatya ixesha, kodwa libalulekile ukwenza izigqibo zorhwebo unolwazi.
Ekugqibeleni, kufuneka vavanya iqhinga lakho. Qala ngokurhweba ngephepha - oku kubandakanya ukwenza ingqikelelo trades isekelwe kwidatha yemarike yokwenyani, kodwa ngaphandle kokubeka umngcipheko kuyo nayiphi na imali yokwenyani. Nje ukuba uzithembe kwisicwangciso sakho, ungaqala ukusisebenzisa kurhwebo lwehlabathi lokwenyani.
Khumbula, isicwangciso esilungileyo sokurhweba ngesitokhwe asibekwanga ematyeni. Kufuneka ibe bhetyebhetye kwaye iguquguquke, itshintshe njengoko ufumana amava amaninzi kwaye njengoko iimeko zemarike ziguquka. Kwaye okona kubaluleke kakhulu, kufuneka ihambelane neenjongo zakho zemali kunye nokunyamezela umngcipheko.
Ukudala isicwangciso sokurhweba ngesitokhwe kunokubonakala kunzima ekuqaleni, kodwa ngokuhamba kwexesha, umonde, kunye nokuqonda okunzulu kwe-stock market, ingaba sisitshixo sakho kwimpumelelo yezemali.
2.4. Ukuqonda iMimiselo yoRhwebo
Ngaphambi kokuba ungene kwihlabathi lokuthengisa ngesitokhwe ngokuzithemba, kubalulekile ukuba ubambe imigaqo esisiseko ezilawula le ndawo yentengiso iguqukayo. Embindini wale migaqo kuku Izokhuseleko kunye neKhomishini yokuThengisa (i-SEC), iqumrhu elimiselwe ukukhusela abatyali-mali nokugcina iimarike ezinobulungisa, ezilungeleleneyo nezisebenzayo. I-SEC inyanzelisa ukubekwa elubala, ifuna ukuba iinkampani zoluntu ziveze ulwazi olunentsingiselo lwemali kunye nolunye ulwazi kuluntu. Oku kubonelela ngedama eliqhelekileyo lolwazi kubo bonke abatyali-mali ukuba basebenzise ukuzigweba ukuba bathenge, bathengise, okanye babambe ukhuseleko oluthile.
Ngaphezu koko, i Icandelo Lolawulo Lwezezimali (FINRA), umlawuli ozimeleyo, nongekho phantsi kukarhulumente kuzo zonke iifemu zokhuseleko eziqhuba ishishini eUnited States, nazo zinendima ebalulekileyo. Imithetho kunye nezikhokelo ze-FINRA ziqinisekisa izenzo zokuziphatha, ukukhusela umdla wabatyali-mali.
Ngaphezu koko, nganye trader kufuneka ibambelele Usuku loMfanekiso Trader (PDT) imithetho. Le mimiselo imisela ukuba nayiphi na trader owenza ngaphezu kweentsuku ezine trades kwisithuba seentsuku ezintlanu zomsebenzi, kunye nosuku trades emele ngaphezu kwe-6% yomsebenzi wokurhweba umthengi uwonke kwangelo xesha leentsuku ezintlanu, kufuneka agcine i-equity encinci ye-25,000 yeedola kwii-akhawunti zabo.
Gqi beleni, traders kufuneka bazi nge Hlamba-ukuthengiswa koMthetho. Lo mmiselo we-IRS uyakwalela ukuthengisa isibambiso ngelahleko kunye nokuthenga kwakhona okufanayo okanye ukhuseleko olufanayo kakhulu kwiintsuku ezingama-30 ngaphambi okanye emva kwentengiso.
Ukuqonda le mimiselo akukhona nje ukuthotyelwa; imalunga nokwenza izigqibo ezizizo ezihambelana neenjongo zakho zotyalo-mali kunye nokunyamezela umngcipheko. Kweli lizwe lintsonkothileyo nelinika umdla lokurhweba ngesitokhwe, ulwazi ngokwenene lunamandla.
3. IiNgqaliselo zokuRhweba ngokuPhakamileyo
Ukuntywila nzulu kwihlabathi lorhwebo lwesitokhwe, sifika kwindawo ye iingqiqo zorhwebo eziphambili. Apha, umdlalo uya uqina, kwaye izikhonkwane ziba phezulu. Awuseyo novice trader, kodwa umthathi-nxaxheba oqolileyo kwi-ecosystem eguqukayo ye-stock market.
Ukuthengisa okufutshane yenye ingcamango ephambili. Oku kuxa uboleka izabelo zesitokhwe kwi- broker kwaye bazithengise ngokukhawuleza ngexabiso labo langoku. Ithemba kukuba ixabiso lempahla liya kuwa, likuvumela ukuba uthenge isitokhwe ngexabiso eliphantsi kwaye ubuyisele izabelo ezibolekiweyo broker, epokothweni umahluko. Nangona kunjalo, esi sicwangciso siza nomngcipheko omkhulu. Ukuba ixabiso lesitokisi liphakama endaweni yokuwa, unokugqiba ukulahlekelwa yimali eninzi.
Enye ingqikelelo ephezulu ukhetho lokurhweba. Iinketho zikunika ilungelo lokuthenga okanye ukuthengisa isitokhwe ngexabiso elimiselweyo ngaphakathi kwexesha elithile. Ngokungafaniyo nokuba nesitokhwe ngokuthe ngqo, awunyanzelekanga ukuba uthenge okanye uthengise; unokukhetha ukwenza njalo ukuba kuyakunceda. Iinketho zokurhweba zinokuba nzima kwaye zibe yingozi, kodwa xa zenziwe ngokuchanekileyo, zinokuba sisixhobo esinamandla kwi-arsenal yakho yokurhweba.
imajini urhwebo yenye ingcamango ephambili. Oku kubandakanya ukuboleka imali yakho broker ukuthenga izitokhwe. Oku kunokwandisa inzuzo yakho, kodwa kunokwandisa ilahleko yakho. Sisicwangciso esinomngcipheko ophezulu esifuna ukuqonda okuqinileyo kwimarike kunye nolawulo olungqongqo lomngcipheko.
Ekugqibeleni, kukho ingcamango ye urhwebo lwe-algorithmic. Oku kubandakanya ukusebenzisa ii-algorithms ezintsonkothileyo ukuze zizenzekele izicwangciso zorhwebo. Ezi algorithms zinokuhlalutya idatha yemarike ngesantya sombane kwaye iphumeze trades isekelwe kwiikhrayitheriya ezichazwe kwangaphambili. Yindlela ephucuke kakhulu ekurhwebeni, kodwa ayinguye wonke umntu.
Ezi ngqikelelo ziphambili asizizo ezabantliziyo zityhafileyo. Bafuna ukuqonda okunzulu kwimarike, ukunyamezela okuphezulu kumngcipheko, kunye nendlela eqeqeshekileyo yokurhweba. Kodwa kwabo bakulungeleyo ukuntywila, banikezela ngemivuzo ebalulekileyo.
3.1. Ukuthengisa okufutshane
Kwilizwe elikhulayo lokurhweba ngesitokhwe, kukho isicwangciso esihlala siphakamisa amashiya kodwa sibambe ingeniso ebalulekileyo: ukuthengisa okufutshane. Ngokungafaniyo nendlela yendabuko yokuthenga-intengiso ephantsi-phezulu, ukuthengisa okufutshane kuguqula iskripthi, ukuvumela traders ukwenza ingeniso ngokuhla kwesitokhwe. Nantsi indlela esebenza ngayo: A trader uboleka izabelo zesitokhwe kwi a broker kwaye ngoko nangoko uzithengisa kwimarike evulekileyo. Xa ixabiso lesitokhwe liyehla, i trader uthenga kwakhona izabelo ngexabiso eliphantsi, uzibuyisela kwi broker, kunye neepokotho umahluko.
Ivakala ilula, akunjalo? Hayi ngokukhawuleza. Ukuthengisa okufutshane inomngcipheko omkhulu. Ukuba ixabiso lesitokhwe landa endaweni yokuwa, i trader kufuneka athenge kwakhona izabelo ngexabiso eliphezulu, okukhokelela kwilahleko. Ngaphaya koko, ilahleko enokwenzeka ayinamda kuba ixabiso lesitokhwe linokunyuka ngokungenasiphelo.
Nangona le mingcipheko, ukuthengisa okufutshane kunokuba sisixhobo esinamandla kwi trader's arsenal. Ivumela trader ukuba bathintele ilahleko enokwenzeka kwipotfoliyo yabo kwaye banokubonelela ngamathuba okwenza inzuzo kwimarike yeebhere. Nangona kunjalo, kufuna ukuhlalutya okucokisekileyo, ukuqonda okuthe kratya kweendlela zentengiso, kunye nesisu esinamandla somngcipheko.
Ukuthengisa okufutshane asiyoyabantliziyo zityhafileyo. Ngumdlalo weqonga eliphezulu odlalwa ngabo badanisa ngokungaqiniseki kwaye baphumelele kulonwabo lwentengiso engalindelekanga. Kodwa kwabo bayisebenzisayo kakuhle, imivuzo inokuba mikhulu. Ngoko, kwixesha elizayo xa ubona ixabiso lesitokhwe liyehla, khumbula-enye tradeukuwa r inokuba nje elinye ithuba legolide.
3.2. URhwebo lomda
Ukuthengiswa kwemida sisixhobo esinamandla esinokukhulisa ingeniso yakho kwimarike yemasheya. Kuyafana nomdlalo wepoker okwinqanaba eliphezulu, apho imbuyekezo enokubakho inomtsalane njengoko imingcipheko isoyikisa. Eyona nto iphambili, ukurhweba komda kubandakanya ukuboleka imali ukuze uthenge izitokhwe ezininzi kunokuba unakho ukufikelela kwiimali zakho ezikhoyo.
Nantsi indlela esebenza ngayo: ufaka isixa esithile semali kwiakhawunti yomda kunye neyakho broker. Le deposit isebenza njengesibambiso. Eyakho broker emva koko ikuboleke imali eyongezelelweyo, ngokuqhelekileyo ukuya kuthi ga kwi-50% yexabiso lilonke lokuthengwa kwesitokhwe oceba ukulenza.
Umzekelo, ukuba ufuna ukuthenga i-10,000 yeedola zesitokhwe esithile, ungafaka i-5,000 yeedola kwi-akhawunti yakho yomda kwaye uboleke i-5,000 eseleyo kwi-akhawunti yakho. broker. Ngale ndlela, uwaphinda kabini amandla akho otyalo-mali.
Kodwa nantsi into yokubambisa: ukuba ixabiso lesitokhwe liyehla, ungagqiba ekubeni unetyala lemali eninzi kunokuba wawutyale imali ekuqaleni. Oku kungenxa yokuba kusafuneka uhlawule eyakho broker imali oyibolekileyo, nokuba isitokhwe siqhuba njani na.
Ukuthengiswa kwemida asiyoyabantliziyo zityhafileyo. Kumngcipheko ophezulu, isicwangciso somvuzo ophezulu esilungele abanamava traders abanokuthi isisu ilahleko enokwenzeka. Ngaphambi kokuba ungene, kubalulekile ukuqonda ngokupheleleyo umngcipheko obandakanyekayo kwaye uqinisekise ukuba unesicwangciso esiluqilima solawulo lomngcipheko.
Khumbula, ngelixa umtsalane wengeniso ekhawulezayo unokuhenda, kubalulekile ngokulinganayo ukuqwalasela izinto ezinokuthi zibe phantsi. Imarike yemasheya ayinakucingelwa, kwaye kunye neyona nto inomdla kakhulu traders ayinakuhlala iqikelela ngokuchanekileyo iintshukumo zayo. Ke ngoko, kuhlala kububulumko ukusondela kurhwebo lomda ngononophelo.
Ukurhweba nge-margin ngokwenene kunokuba sisixhobo esinamandla kwi-arsenal yakho yokurhweba, kodwa njengazo zonke izixhobo, kufuneka iphathwe ngononophelo. Ke, ngaphambi kokuba ungene ngaphakathi, qiniseka ukuba uwenzile umsebenzi wakho wesikolo wasekhaya, uyabuqonda umngcipheko, kwaye uzilungiselele zonke iziphumo ezinokubakho.
3.3. Iinketho zesitokhwe
Ukuntywila nzulu kwihlabathi lesitokhwe, makhe siphonononge indawo enomdla Izinketho zesitokhwe. Ezi zixhobo zemali zibonelela traders enye indlela yokwenza inzuzo kwiintshukumo zemarike yemasheya, ngaphandle kokuba nezitokhwe ezisisiseko ngokwazo. Izinketho ze-Stock zikhontrakthi ezinikezela umnini-lungelo, kodwa kungekhona uxanduva, ukuthenga okanye ukuthengisa isitokhwe esithile ngexabiso elimiselweyo, elibizwa ngokuba yixabiso logwayimbo, ngaphambi komhla wokuphelelwa kwekhontrakthi.
Iindlela zokukhetha umnxeba kwaye beka ukhetho zintlobo ezimbini eziphambili zokhetho lwesitokhwe. Ukuba ukholelwa ukuba ixabiso lesitokhwe liya kunyuka, unokuthenga ukhetho lokufowuna, olukunika ilungelo lokuthenga isitokhwe kwixabiso logwayimbo. Kwi-flip side, ukuba uqikelela ixabiso lesitokhwe liya kuwa, unokuthenga i-put option, ekunika ilungelo lokuthengisa isitokhwe kwixabiso logwayimbo.
Yintoni eyenza ukuba ukhetho lwesitokhwe lube nomtsalane ngakumbi kukuxhamla kwabo ngokwendalo. Ekubeni ikhontrakthi yokukhetha ilawula izabelo ezili-100 zesitokhwe esisezantsi, intshukumo yexabiso elincinci kwi-stock ingabangela inzuzo enkulu yepesenti (okanye ilahleko) kwixabiso lokhetho. Olu lwazi luyakuvumela traders ukufumana imbuyekezo enkulu, nangona kukho ingozi eyongeziweyo.
Ixabiso lokhetho lwesitokhwe liphenjelelwa zizinto ezininzi, kubandakanywa ixabiso langoku lesitoko, ixabiso loqhankqalazo, ixesha de kube sekupheleni, kunye nokuguquguquka kwesitoko. Ukuqonda ezi zinto kunokukunceda wenze izigqibo ezizizo kwaye uphuhlise izicwangciso ezisebenzayo zokurhweba.
Nangona kunjalo, kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuba ngelixa iinketho zesitokhwe zinokubonelela ngembuyekezo enkulu, zikwanomngcipheko omkhulu. Ngoko ke, zisenokungafanelanga bonke abatyali-mali. Phambi kokuba ungene kukhetho lwesitokhwe, kuyacetyiswa ukuba uphande ngokucokisekileyo kwaye uqonde ngokupheleleyo ezi zixhobo zezimali zinzima.
Kwihlabathi eliguquguqukayo lokurhweba, iinketho zesitokhwe zibonisa umaleko owongezelelweyo wobunzima kunye nethuba. Nokuba isetyenziselwa uqikelelo, ukhuselo, okanye ukwenza ingeniso, babonelela ngesixhobo esiguquguqukayo sokujonga imeko yemarike yemasheya ehlala itshintsha.
3.4. Ii-ETF kunye neeNgxowa-mali ezihlangeneyo
UkutshintshiselanaTraded Iimali (ETFs) kwaye Iingxowa-mali ezifanayo zizithuthi ezimbini zotyalo-mali ezibonelela ngeepotifoliyo ezahlukeneyo zesitokhwe, iibhondi, okanye ezinye ii-asethi. Ziyafana ngokuba zombini zimele ingqokelela yotyalo-mali, kodwa ziyahluka kwindlela ezilawulwa ngayo kunye traded.
ETFs are traded kutshintshiselwano olufana nezitokhwe zomntu ngamnye kunye nexabiso lazo liguquguquka ngalo lonke usuku lokurhweba. Ziyaziwa ngokuguquguquka kwazo njengoko zingathengwa kwaye zithengiswe nanini na ngexesha leemarike. Ii-ETFs zinemilinganiselo ephantsi yeendleko kwaye zisebenza ngakumbi irhafu kunemali edibeneyo, ezenza zibe lukhetho oludumileyo kubatyalo-mali abazixabisayo.
Kwelinye icala, Iingxowa-mali ezifanayo zilawulwa ngenkuthalo, oku kuthetha ukuba umphathi wengxowa-mali wenza izigqibo malunga nendlela yokwabiwa kwee-asethi kwingxowa-mali. Bazi traded kube kanye kuphela ngosuku emva kokuba imarike ivaliwe, ngexabiso le-asethi yentsalela (NAV). Iimali ezihlangeneyo zinokufuna ubuncinci botyalo-mali kwaye zinokuthwala umlinganiselo weendleko eziphezulu kunee-ETF. Nangona kunjalo, bavame ukucetyiswa kubatyalo-mali bexesha elide abakhetha indlela yezandla kwaye bazimisele ukuhlawula ulawulo lobuchwephesha.
Enyanisweni, zombini ii-ETF kunye neeNgxowa-mali ezihlangeneyo zibonelela ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo, ezinokunceda ukunciphisa umngcipheko. Ukhetho phakathi kwee-ETF kunye neeNgxowa-mali ezihlangeneyo luxhomekeke kwiinjongo zakho zotyalo-mali, ukunyamezela umngcipheko, kunye nesicwangciso sotyalo-mali. Njenge trader, kubalulekile ukuqonda ezi yantlukwano ukwenza izigqibo ezinolwazi malunga nokuba ubeka phi imali yakho. Nokuba ukhetha ii-ETF, iiNgxowa-mali eziHlanganisiweyo, okanye umxube wazo zombini, khumbula ukuba lonke utyalo-mali lunomngcipheko othile kwaye kubalulekile ukwenza uphando lwakho phambi kokuba utyale imali.
3.5. Izahlulo kunye nokwahlulwa kwezabelo
Njengoko ungena kwihlabathi lorhwebo lwesitokhwe, amagama amabini oya kudibana nawo rhoqo izabelo kwaye isitokhwe sahlula. Makhe sikhuphe iileya kule miba ibalulekileyo yorhwebo lwesitokhwe.
Izahlulelo ziyinxalenye yengeniso yenkampani ethi isasazwe kubanini-zabelo. Ziyindlela yokuba iinkampani zabelane ngempumelelo yazo nabo batyale imali kuzo. Izahlulo zinokuba ngumthombo obalulekileyo wengeniso, ngakumbi kwabo batyale imali kwiinkampani ezizinzileyo, ezihlawula izabelo. Nangona kunjalo, ayizizo zonke iinkampani ezihlawula izabelo, ngakumbi ezo zikwizigaba zokukhula ezikhetha ukuphinda zityale inzuzo yazo kwishishini.
Kwelinye icala, a isitokhwe sahlula linyathelo lobuchule lenkampani yokwandisa inani lezabelo zayo ngokwahlulahlula izabelo zayo ezikhoyo. Umzekelo, kulwahlulo lwesitokhwe se-2-for-1, kwisabelo ngasinye osiphetheyo, uya kufumana esinye esongezelelweyo. Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba ngelixa oku kwandisa inani lezabelo onazo, ixabiso lilonke lotyalo-mali lwakho lihlala lifana nexabiso lesabelo ngasinye lihla ngokomlinganiselo.
Ngelixa izabelo zibonelela ngeenzuzo zemali ngokuthe ngqo, ukwahlulwa kwezabelo kunokwenza ukuba izabelo zifikeleleke ngakumbi kubatyalo-mali abancinci ngokunciphisa ixabiso ngesabelo ngasinye. Zombini izabelo kunye nokwahlulwa kwesitokhwe kunokuphembelela ixabiso lesitokhwe senkampani kwaye ke zizinto ezibalulekileyo ekufuneka uziqwalasele kwisicwangciso sakho sotyalo-mali.
Khumbula, ukuqonda ezi ngcamango zingundoqo ekwenzeni izigqibo ezinolwazi kwi-stock market. Ke, qhubeka ufunda, hlala unomdla, kwaye uvumele ilizwe lesitokhwe lityhileke phambi kwakho.
