1. Ukuqonda Ukwahluka
1.1. Inkcazo yeNtsebenziswano
Kwilizwe lorhwebo, igama ulwahlulo isoloko iphoswa ngapha nangapha njengetapile eshushu. Kodwa lithetha ukuthini ngokwenene? Embindini wayo, iyantlukwano a ingozi isicwangciso solawulo esixuba iindidi ezininzi zotyalo-mali ngaphakathi kwipotfoliyo. Ingqiqo emva kobu buchule bubambezela ukuba ipotfoliyo eyakhiwe ngeentlobo ezahlukeneyo zotyalo-mali, ngokomndilili, iza kuvelisa imbuyekezo ephezulu kwaye ibeke umngcipheko ophantsi kunolo naluphi na utyalo-mali lomntu olufunyenwe kwipotifoliyo.
Ukwahluka, eneneni, kukulingana ngokwezemali ukungabeki onke amaqanda akho kwibhaskithi enye. Isasaza umngcipheko welahleko ngokutyala imali kwii-asethi ezahlukeneyo. Ukuba utyalo-mali olunye luqhuba kakubi kwixesha elithile, olunye utyalo-mali lunokwenza ngcono kwangelo xesha linye, lucuthe ilahleko enokubakho.
ukohlulwa ayikokuba notyalo-mali olwahlukileyo nje, kodwa imalunga nonxulumano phakathi kolo tyalo-mali. Imalunga nenqanaba apho ukusebenza kotyalo-mali olunye kuzimeleyo kwezinye. Ngamanye amazwi, ufuna ukuba notyalo-mali olungenakukwazi ukuhamba kwicala elinye ngaxeshanye. Oku kunokufezekiswa ngokwenza utyalo-mali kwii-asethi ezinonxulumano oluphantsi okanye olubi omnye komnye.
Umzekelo, ukuba utyalomali kuzo zombini izindlu kunye esitokisini, ukuhla kwemarike yezabelo kusenokuthotywa zizinzile okanye kwanokunyuka kwamaxabiso ezindlu nomhlaba. La mandla ohlukeneyo - anokunceda ukugudisa amaqhuqhuva kuhambo lwakho lotyalo-mali, ukubonelela ngamava azinzileyo nangaphantsi koxinzelelo.
Nangona kunjalo, kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba ukuhlukahluka akuqinisekisi ngokuchasene nelahleko. Yindlela esetyenziselwa ukulawula umngcipheko kunye nokuphucula imbuyekezo. Isitshixo ekuphumeleleni ukwahlukahlukana asikokuqokelela nje intaphane yotyalo-mali olwahlukeneyo, kodwa kukufumana utyalo-mali oluya kuba luncedo kuwe ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo phantsi kweemeko ezahlukeneyo zemarike.
1.2. Ukubaluleka kweNtsebenziswano
ukohlulwa izama ukulungisa iziganeko zomngcipheko ezingacwangciswanga kwipotfoliyo, ngoko ukusebenza kakuhle kolunye utyalo-mali kunciphisa ukusebenza kakubi kwabanye. Izibonelelo zokwahluka zibanjwa kuphela ukuba izibambiso kwipotfoliyo azihambelani ngokugqibeleleyo.
Utyalo-mali kwipotifoliyo eyohlukeneyo lusasazwa kwiindidi ezahlukeneyo ze-asethi (ezifana nezitokhwe, iibhondi, imveliso, kunye nezindlu) kunye namacandelo (afana nobuchwepheshe, ukhathalelo lwempilo, okanye ukuvelisa). Olu luhlu lunokunceda ukulawula umngcipheko kunye nokunciphisa amandla elahleko ebalulekileyo ukuba utyalo-mali olunye lusebenza kakubi.
Kodwa ukwahlukana kusebenza njani? Yonke imalunga nolungelelwaniso. Unxulumano ngumlinganiselo weenkcukacha-manani wendlela izibambiso ezimbini ezihamba ngayo ngokunxulumene enye kwenye. Xa izitokhwe ezimbini zinobudlelwane obuphezulu, zihamba ngendlela efanayo kunye. Xa benokulungelelaniswa okuphantsi, bahamba ngokuzimeleyo omnye komnye. Ngotyalo-mali kwizitokhwe ezinonxulumano oluphantsi komnye nomnye, unokunceda ekuqinisekiseni ukuba isitokhwe esinye siyawa, asisayi kuthoba ipotifoliyo yakho yonke.
ukohlulwa ayithethi malunga nokuba nomxube wee-asethi ezahlukeneyo; imalunga nokulinganisela. Ukuba utyala imali eninzi kakhulu kwicandelo elinye, ipotfoliyo yakho ingaba semngciphekweni ukuba elo candelo lithatha impumelelo. Ngokufanayo, ukuba utyala imali eninzi kuhlobo olulodwa lwe-asethi (njengezitokhwe), unokujongana nelahleko enkulu ukuba imarike ithatha ukuhla.
2. Ukuzalisekisa uDiversification
2.1. Iintlobo-ntlobo zezicwangciso
ukohlulwa ifana neSwiss Army Knife of investment qhinga. Sisixhobo esinamacala amaninzi esinokukunceda ukuba uhambe kwihlabathi elingalindelekanga lorhwebo. Kodwa umntu uyahlula njani ngempumelelo iphothifoliyo yabo? Masiyiqhekeze.
Okokuqala, ulwabiwo lweempahla ngundoqo. Oku kubandakanya ukusasaza utyalo-mali lwakho kwiiklasi ezahlukeneyo ze-asethi ezifana nezitokhwe, iibhondi, kunye nemali. Umlinganiselo uya kuxhomekeka ekunyamezeleni kwakho umngcipheko kunye neenjongo zotyalo-mali. Ngokomzekelo, umtyalo-mali onobungozi unokukhetha ipesenti ephezulu yeebhondi, ezibhekwa njengekhuselekileyo kunezitokhwe.
Okulandelayo, ngaphakathi kweklasi nganye ye-asethi, ungaqhubeka nokwahluka ngokutshala imali kumacandelo ahlukeneyo, kumashishini, okanye kumazwe. Oku kwaziwa ngokuba Ukwahluka kwee-asethi. Umzekelo, ngaphakathi kwesabelo sakho sesitokhwe, unokuba nezabelo kwiinkampani zobuchwepheshe, ababoneleli bezempilo, kunye neefemu zamandla. Ngale ndlela, ukuhla kwinqanaba elinye akuyi kubetha ipotifoliyo yakho yonke.
Enye iqhinga lokwahluka ukwahlukana kwexesha. Oku kubandakanya utyalo-mali ngokungaguqukiyo ekuhambeni kwexesha, kunokuzama ukubeka ixesha lemarike. Ngokwenza njalo, unokuthatha intengisovantage ye-dollar-ixabiso eliphakathi, elinokunciphisa impembelelo ye okungazinzi kweemalike kwipotifoliyo yakho.
Okokugqibela, khawucinge utshalomali olunolunye njengezindlu nomhlaba, imveliso, okanye i-cryptocurrencies. Ezi zinokubonelela ngothango ngokuchasene nokuhla kweemarike zemveli, zongeza omnye umaleko wokhuseleko kwipotfoliyo yakho.
2.2. Indlela yokukhetha uMxube oLungileyo woTyalo-mali
Ukuqonda ukunyamezela kwakho umngcipheko linyathelo lokuqala ekukhetheni umxube ochanekileyo wotyalo-mali. Olu luphawu lobuqu olubonisa ukukwazi kwakho ukumelana nelahleko enokwenzeka. Abatyali-mali abanokunyamezela umngcipheko ophezulu banokuthembela kutyalo-mali oluguquguqukayo, njengezitokhwe, ngelixa abo banonyamezelo oluphantsi banokukhetha ukhetho olukhuselekileyo, njengamabhondi okanye iimali zemarike yemali.
Ulwabiwo lwempahla yenye into ebalulekileyo. Oku kubandakanya ukwahlula utyalo-mali lwakho ngokweendidi ezahlukeneyo ze-asethi, ezifana nezabelo zamashishini ezingenanzala emisiweyo, umvuzo omiselweyo, kunye nezinto ezilingana nemali. Iklasi nganye inenqanaba elahlukileyo lomngcipheko kunye nembuyekezo, ngoko ke ukwahlula-hlula iphothifoliyo yakho kuzo zonke kunokukunceda ukuba ufikelele kwibhalansi efanelekileyo.
Qwalasela i-horizon yakho yotyalo-mali njengokuba. Ukuba usemncinci kwaye ulondolozela umhlala-phantsi, unokukwazi ukuthatha imingcipheko engaphezulu kwimbuyekezo ephezulu. Nangona kunjalo, ukuba usondele ekuthatheni umhlala-phantsi, unokufuna ukutshintshela kutyalo-mali oluluqilima.
Gcina iliso kwiimeko zemarike. Imarike yezemali iyaguquguquka kwaye itshintsha rhoqo. Ukuhlala unolwazi malunga neentsingiselo zemarike kunye nezalathi zoqoqosho kunokukunceda wenze uhlengahlengiso kwangethuba kwipotfoliyo yakho.
Lungisa ipotifoliyo yakho ngamaxesha athile. Ngokuhamba kwexesha, olunye utyalo-mali lunokwenza kakuhle ngelixa ezinye zishiyeka. Ukuhlengahlengisa kubandakanya ukubuyisela ipotifoliyo yakho kwisabelo sakho sokuqala ukugcina inqanaba lomngcipheko olifunayo.
Qhagamshelana nengcali. Ukuba awuqinisekanga malunga nokuba ungayahlula njani ipotifoliyo yakho, cinga ngokufuna ingcebiso kumcebisi wezezimali. Banokubonelela ngesikhokelo somntu ngokusekelwe kwiinjongo zakho zemali kunye nokunyamezela umngcipheko.
2.3. Uphononongo rhoqo kunye nokulungelelaniswa ngokutsha kwePotfoliyo
Njenge trader, usenokuba ulivile ibinzana elithi, “Thenga ubambe“. Ngelixa esi sicwangciso sinokusebenza kwabanye, ayisosisombululo esilinganayo. Imarike yezemali liqumrhu eliguquguqukayo, elihlala litshintsha kwaye liguquka ngokuphendula kwizinto ezininzi. Ke ngoko, ipotifoliyo ebikade ilungelelene kwaye yahluka-hlukeneyo inokukhawuleza ijongelwe phantsi ukuba iyekwa ingaqwalaselwa.
Rhoqo ncomo yepotfoliyo yakho ibalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukuba utyalo-mali lwakho lusahambelana neenjongo zakho zemali. Ukuguquguquka kweemarike kunokubangela ukuba ixabiso lotyalo-mali lwakho litshintshe, nto leyo enokuchaphazela yonke ibhalansi yepotfoliyo yakho. Umzekelo, ukuba esinye sezitokhwe zakho siqhuba kakuhle kakhulu, sinokukhula ukuze simele inxalenye enkulu yepotfoliyo yakho. Ngelixa oku kunokubonakala ngathi yingxaki elungileyo ukuba nayo, inokukubeka emngciphekweni omkhulu kunokuba ubunenjongo yokuqala.
Ukujongana kwakhona yinkqubo yokulungelelanisa iiweightings zepotfoliyo yakho. Oku kubandakanya ukuthenga okanye ukuthengisa ii-asethi ngamaxesha athile ukuze ugcine inqanaba olifunayo lolwabiwo lwe-asethi. Ngokomzekelo, ukuba umgomo wakho kukuba ube ne-50/50 yokwahlukana phakathi kwee-stocks kunye neebhondi, kodwa ukusebenza kwe-stock eyomeleleyo kubangele ukuhlukana kwe-70/30, kuya kufuneka uthengise ezinye izitokhwe kwaye uthenge iibhondi ukuze ulungelelanise iphothifoliyo yakho.
Ukuze ulungelelanise, unokufuna ukuthengisa ii-asethi ezisebenza kakhulu, ezinokuba ngumngeni ngokweemvakalelo. Nangona kunjalo, khumbula ukuba ukuhlengahlengisa akukho malunga nokusukela imbuyekezo, kodwa malunga nokunamathela kwisicwangciso sotyalo-mali esimiselwe kwangaphambili. Yindlela eqeqeshekileyo enokunceda ukunciphisa umngcipheko kunye nokuphucula imbuyekezo kwixesha elide.
Nazi iingcebiso ezimbalwa zohlengahlengiso olusebenzayo lwepotfoliyo:
- Cwangcisa ishedyuli yophononongo rhoqo: Oku kunokuba ngekota, isiqingatha sonyaka, okanye ngonyaka. Undoqo kukuba nocwangciso olungaguquguqukiyo uze unamathele kulo.
- Sukuzama ukubeka ixesha lemarike: Ukulinganisa kwakhona akukho malunga nokwenza uqikelelo malunga nokuhamba kweemarike. Imalunga nokubambelela kwisicwangciso sakho sotyalo-mali.
- Qwalasela iziphumo zerhafu: Qaphela ukuba ukuthengisa ii-asethi kunokubangela irhafu yenzuzo enkulu. Ngumbono olungileyo ukubonisana nomcebisi werhafu phambi kokuba wenze enkulu trades.
3. Iingcamango ezingezizo eziQhelekileyo malunga nokuDiversification
3.1. IZiqinisekiso zoDiversification Inzuzo
Ukwahluka akuqinisekisi ngeniso, kodwa iyayivulela amathuba. Khawufane ucinge ukuba utyale imali kuphela kwizitokhwe zobuchwepheshe. Ukuba icandelo letekhnoloji lithatha ukubetha, ipotifoliyo yakho yonke iyasokola. Kodwa ukuba utyale imali kukhathalelo lwempilo, izinto eziluncedo, kunye neempahla zabathengi, ukuhla kwindawo enye kunokupheliswa ngozinzo okanye ukukhula kwabanye.
Isitshixo kwi-diversification esebenzayo balance. Ayikokusasaza utyalo-mali lwakho ngobumfama, kodwa malunga nokukhetha ngononophelo umxube ohambelana nokunyamezela kwakho umngcipheko kunye neenjongo zemali. Oku kusenokuthetha udibaniso lwesitokhwe, iibhondi, kunye nezinto zorhwebo. Okanye kunokuthetha umxube we-cap enkulu, i-mid-cap, kunye ne-stock-cap stocks.
Ukwahluka kwakhona kubandakanya rhoqo ukuphindaphinda. Ngokuhamba kwexesha, olunye utyalo-mali luya kukhula ngokukhawuleza kunolunye, olunokuthi lujike ibhalansi yepotfoliyo yakho. Ngokuthengisa ngamaxesha athile ii-asethi ezisebenza kakhulu kwaye uthenge ngakumbi abangasebenzi kakuhle, ungasigcina isabelo sakho se-asethi oyifunayo.
Ke ngelixa ukuhlukahluka kungaboneleli ngendlela eqinisekileyo yomlilo kwingeniso, kuyabonelela isithinteli ngokuchasene nokuguquguquka. Kwaye kwihlabathi elingalindelekanga lokurhweba, yinzuzo leyo ekunzima ukuyigqithisa.
3.2. Ukwahlukahlukana okugqithisileyo
Kwihlabathi lorhwebo, kudla ngokuthiwa njalo Ukwahluka kuphela kwesidlo sasemini sasimahla. Sisicwangciso esikuvumela ukuba usasaze utyalo-mali lwakho kuzo zonke izixhobo zemali, amashishini, kunye nezinye iindidi ukunciphisa umngcipheko. Kodwa njengazo zonke izinto ezilungileyo, ubuninzi bayo bunokukhokelela kwiziphumo ezingathandekiyo. Le yinto esiyibizayo ukwahlukana ngokugqithisileyo.
Ulwahlulo olugqithisileyo lwenzeka xa unotyalo-mali oluninzi kangangokuba kube nzima ukubagcina umkhondo wabo bonke. Kufana nokuzama ukujula iibhola ezininzi ngexesha elinye – kungekudala okanye kamva, kunyanzelekile ukuba uziwise enye. Okona kubaluleke kakhulu, ukuhlukahluka kakhulu kunokunciphisa imbuyekezo yakho. Endaweni yokuba nezitokhwe ezimbalwa eziqhuba kakuhle zinyusa ixabiso lepotfoliyo yakho, impembelelo yaba 'baphumeleleyo' ithotywa ngobuninzi babadlali abaphakathi.
Wazi njani ukuba udiversifying kakhulu? Uphawu olucacileyo kukuba awukhumbuli ukuba luthini na lonke utyalo-mali lwakho, okanye kutheni ulwenzile kwasekuqaleni. Enye iflegi ebomvu kukuba awuboni uhlobo lwembuyekezo onokuyilindela ngokunikwa inqanaba lomngcipheko owenzayo.
Ukunqanda ukwahlukana kakhulu, kubalulekile ukuba gcina ibhalansi. Ewe, kuya kufuneka usasaze utyalo-mali lwakho ukunciphisa umngcipheko, kodwa hayi kakhulu kangangokuba uphulukane nengeniso enentsingiselo. Njengomthetho wesithupha, ezinye iingcali zicebisa ukuba ukubamba phakathi kwe-20 ukuya kwi-30 yamasheya ahlukeneyo kunokubonelela ngokuhlukahluka okwaneleyo.
Khumbula, injongo yeyantlukwano ayikokunyusa ukusebenza, kodwa ku ukunciphisa umngcipheko. Ngokusasaza utyalo-mali lwakho kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo, awufane ube nelahleko enkulu ukuba enye yazo itanki. Kodwa zisasazeke kakhulu, kwaye usenokuba uzibekele ubuphakathi. Ke, gcina iso kwipotifoliyo yakho, kwaye ungoyiki ukuyithena ukuba ucinga ukuba ubambe izitokhwe ezininzi. Emva kwakho konke, ngamanye amaxesha ngaphantsi kuninzi.
3.3. Ulwahlulo lolweePotfoliyo eziKhulu kuphela
Ingcamango ephosakeleyo eqhelekileyo ukuba Ukwahluka bubunewunewu kwiipotifoliyo ezinkulu kuphela yintsomi ekufuneka ixoxwe. Kulula ukuwela kumgibe wokucinga ukuba udinga isixa esikhulu semali ukuze usasaze utyalo-mali lwakho kumacandelo ahlukeneyo, iindidi ze-asethi, okanye iindawo ngokwejografi. Nangona kunjalo, inyani yile, ukuhlukahluka akwenzeki nje kuphela kodwa kuyacetyiswa kakhulu, nokuba ingakanani na iphothifoliyo yakho.
Nokuba unesixa esincinci, unokufezekisa ipotifoliyo eyohlukeneyo. Into ephambili kukuqala kancinci kwaye ngokuthe ngcembe wakhe ipotifoliyo yakho. Shintsha Traded Iimali (ETFs) kwaye funds mutual zizixhobo ezigqwesileyo zokwahluka, okukuvumela ukuba ube ngumnini weqhekeza lotyalo-mali olwahlukeneyo ngexesha elinye. Ezi ngxowa-mali zidibanisa imali kubatyali-mali abaninzi ukuba batyale imali kwimixube eyahlukeneyo yesitokhwe, iibhondi, okanye ezinye ii-asethi, ezenza zifikeleleke nakwabo banemali encinci.
Kukwabalulekile ukuba ukhumbule ukuba ulwahlulo alukho malunga nenani lotyalo-mali kuphela, kodwa malunga ne iintlobo zotyalo-mali ubambe. Umzekelo, unokwahluka ngokutshala imali kumxube wesitokhwe, iibhondi, izindlu nomhlaba, kunye nezinto zorhwebo. Unakho ukwahluka ngokwejografi ngokutyala imali kwiimarike zasekhaya nezamazwe ngamazwe.
Ngaphezu koko, itekhnoloji yenze ukuba kube lula kunangaphambili ukwenza izinto ezahlukeneyo. Ngokufika kwe Abacebisi beRobo kwaye amaqonga orhwebo online, kwanabatyali-mali abasaqalayo abanemali encinci yemali banokutshintsha ngokulula iipotfoliyo zabo. Ezi qonga zisebenzisa i-algorithms ukudala nokulawula iipotifoliyo ezahlukeneyo ngokusekelwe kukunyamezela kwakho umngcipheko kunye neenjongo zotyalo-mali.
Ke, musa ukuvumela ubungakanani bepotfoliyo yakho ikuthintele ekwahlukaneni. Khumbula, injongo yokwahluka kukunciphisa umngcipheko, hayi ukuqinisekisa ngembuyekezo. Ngokusasaza utyalo-mali lwakho kwii-asethi ezahlukeneyo, unakho ukunciphisa impembelelo yalo naluphi na utyalo-mali oluqhuba kakubi kwipotfoliyo yakho iyonke. Ngoko ke, kungakhathaliseki ukuba inkulu okanye incinci kangakanani ipotifoliyo yakho, ukuhlukana kufuneka kuhlale kuyingxenye ebalulekileyo yesicwangciso sakho sotyalo-mali.
