1. Intshayelelo kwiMali yokuziPhatha
Ummandla onomdla we Imali yokuziPhatha idibanisa izinto zesayikholoji kunye nezoqoqosho ukuqonda iipateni zokuthatha izigqibo zabantu kwiimarike zemali. Licandelo eliphonononga kumbindi wendalo yomntu, iingxaki zayo, kunye nokungabi nangqiqo kwayo, ezithi iithiyori zezemali zemveli zihlala zingahoywa. Iimali zemveli, umzekelo, zithatha ukuba bonke abatyali-mali banengqiqo kwaye benza izigqibo ezisekelwe ekwandiseni ubutyebi babo. Nangona kunjalo, yinto eyaziwayo ukuba abantu abasoloko bezidalwa ezinengqondo, singasathethi ke xa kufikelelwa kwizigqibo zemali.
Imali yokuziPhatha izama ukuvala lo msantsa ngokuphonononga ukuba imiba eyahlukeneyo yezengqondo kunye nokuthambekela okunokuthi kuphembelele ngokuphawulekayo izigqibo zethu zemali, ekholisa ukukhokelela kwiziphumo ezingaphantsi kwezona zilungileyo. Ngummandla ophonononga utyekelo lomntu lokusabela ngokugqithisileyo kwiindaba, nokuba zilungile okanye zimbi, ezikhokelela kwiintshukumo ezibukhali zamaxabiso ezingahambelani nexabiso elingaphakathi lotyalo-mali. Ikwajonga nendlela abantu abathanda ngayo ukuzithemba ngokugqithiseleyo ngezakhono zabo, ezikhokelela kubo trade ngokugqithisileyo kwaye ungene kwiindleko eziphezulu zentengiselwano.
Ilahleko Ukucaphuka, umgaqo obalulekileyo kwi-Behavioral Finance, ubonisa ukuba abantu bayayiva intlungu yokulahlekelwa yimali ngaphezu kokuba benandipha iinzuzo. Lo mgaqo uhlala ukhokelela ekwenzeni izigqibo ezingenangqiqo, njengokubambelela ekuphulukaneni notyalo-mali ixesha elide kunemfuneko ngethemba lenguquko okanye ukuthengisa utyalo-mali oluphumeleleyo kwakamsinyane ukuze uvaleleke kwiinzuzo.
Bias yoQinisekiso lolunye uphawu oluxhaphakileyo lokuziphatha apho abantu betyekele ekuthandeni ulwazi oluqinisekisa iinkolelo zabo ezikhoyo baze balutyeshele ulwazi abajamelene nalo. Kumxholo wotyalo-mali, olu tyekelo lunokukhokelela ekugxininiseni kakhulu kwiindaba ezilungileyo malunga notyalo-mali kunye nokungagxininiswa kweendaba ezimbi, ezikhokelela kwizigqibo zotyalo-mali oluncinci.
Imali yokuziPhatha ikwaphonononga i Impembelelo yokwalusa, apho abantu bephenjelelwa zizenzo zoontanga babo, nto leyo ekhokelela ekubeni balandele isihlwele, kwanokuba oko kuthetha ukwenza izigqibo ezingenangqiqo zemali. Esi siphumo sihlala siphembelela amaqamza aqikelelwayo kunye nokuwa ngequbuliso kwemarike.
Ngokuqonda ezi kunye nezinye iindlela zokuziphatha, abantu banokuzazi ngakumbi malunga neenkqubo zabo zokwenza izigqibo zemali kwaye banokuphepha iimpazamo ezinkulu. Ngaphezu koko, inokunceda abacebisi bezemali balungelelanise iingcebiso zabo kubaxumi ngabanye, bethathela ingqalelo iimpawu zabo zokuziphatha ezizodwa kunye nokuthath' icala.
1.1. Inkcazo yeMali yokuziphatha
Kwinkalo yezemali, iimodeli zemveli zidla ngokusebenza phantsi kwengcinga yokuba abantu ngabanye bazizidalwa ezinengqiqo, benza izigqibo ezinengqiqo ezisekelwe kulwazi olukhoyo. Nangona kunjalo, intsimi ye Imali yokuziPhatha Umngeni kwezi ngcinga, ukufunda impembelelo yesayikholoji kukuziphatha kwabasebenzi bezemali kunye nempembelelo elandelayo kwiimarike.
Ngundoqo, Imali yokuziPhatha licandelo lezifundo ezahlukeneyo elidibanisa ithiyori yengqondo yengqondo kunye noqoqosho oluqhelekileyo kunye nezezimali. Ifuna ukubonelela ngeengcaciso zokuba kutheni abantu besenza izigqibo zemali ezingenangqiqo, okanye kunoko, izigqibo ezitenxileyo kwezo zixelwe kwangaphambili yithiyori yezemali okanye yezoqoqosho.
Imali yokuziPhatha lusekelwe kwinkolelo yokuba abantu abasoloko beqiqa okanye beneminqweno yabo, kodwa izigqibo zabo ziphenjelelwa ziindidi ngeendidi zomkhethe. Ngokomzekelo, abantu banokuphenjelelwa ziingqondo zengqondo ezifana ukuzithemba ngakumbi or ukulahleka kokulahlekelwa. Ukuzithemba ngokugqithiseleyo kubhekisela kwinkolelo yabatyali-mali yokuba bangcono kunabanye ekukhetheni okona kulungileyo esitokisini okanye ukuqikelela ukuba amaxabiso esitokhwe aya kuya phi. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukuchaswa kwelahleko kubhekiselele kubatyali-mali ekuthandeni kakhulu ukuphepha ilahleko ekufumaneni inzuzo, ekhokelela ekubeni babambelele ekulahlekeni kwezitokhwe ngethemba lokuba baya kuphinda babuyele.
Enye ingcamango engundoqo kwi Imali yokuziPhatha is ithiyori yethemba, ecebisa ukuba abantu benze izigqibo ezisekelwe kwixabiso elinokubakho lelahleko kunye neenzuzo kunesiphumo sokugqibela. Le ngcamango iphakamisa ukuba intlungu yokulahlekelwa ingokwengqondo malunga nokuphindwe kabini kumandla olonwabo lokufumana, kwaye oku kudla ngokubangela ukuba abantu babe nomngcipheko.
Ukuqondwa kwezi mpembelelo zengqondo kunye nokuthambekela kubalulekile njengoko kunokukhokelela kwiindlela ezahlukeneyo zentengiso, ezinje ngamaqamza e-asethi kunye nokuwa, nto leyo esokola ukucacisa ngokwezemali zemveli. Imali yokuziPhatha inikeza ukuqonda okuphangaleleyo kwezi ziganeko, kwaye emva koko, kunokunceda abatyali-mali kunye neengcali zezimali ukuba benze izigqibo ezinolwazi ngakumbi.
Ukuququmbela, Imali yokuziPhatha licandelo elibalulekileyo elibonelela ngezimvo ezixabisekileyo kwimiba yezengqondo ephembelela izigqibo zotyalo-mali, ekugqibeleni inika ukuqonda okubanzi ngakumbi kokutshintsha kweemarike.
1.2. Ukubaluleka kweMali yokuZiphatha kuTyalo-mali
Ukuqonda ukuziphatha komntu kunye nempembelelo yayo ekuthathweni kwezigqibo zemali sisiseko sotyalo-mali oluyimpumelelo. Apha kulapho ingqikelelo ye imali yokuziphatha ingena kumdlalo, icandelo eliphantsi lokuziphatha kwezoqoqosho eliphonononga iziphumo zengqondo, ingqondo, iimvakalelo, inkcubeko, kunye neemeko zentlalo kwizigqibo zezoqoqosho zabantu kunye namaziko kunye neziphumo zamaxabiso emarike, imbuyekezo, kunye nokwabiwa kwemithombo.
Omnye wemigaqo ephambili yemali yokuziphatha kukuba abantu abasoloko benengqiqo, kwaye izigqibo zabo zinokuphenjelelwa zizinto ezahlukeneyo ezingaphaya kweengqele, izibakala ezinzima. Njengokuba, iindawo zokuhamba, okanye iindlela ezimfutshane zengqondo, zidla ngokudlala indima ebalulekileyo kwizigqibo zotyalo-mali. Ezi ndlela zimfutshane zinokukhokelela kucalucalulo, olufana nokuzithemba ngokugqithisileyo, apho umtyali-mali unokukholelwa ukuba wazi ngakumbi kunabo, okanye ukuqinisa, apho umtyali-mali ethembele kakhulu kulwazi olunye.
Ithiyori yeProspect, enye ingcamango engundoqo kwimali yokuziphatha, icebisa ukuba abantu baxabise inzuzo kunye nelahleko ngendlela eyahlukileyo. Bakhathazwa ngakumbi yilahleko elindelekileyo kunokuba bonwabe ngeenzuzo ezilinganayo. Oku kunokukhokelela ekuthathweni kwezigqibo ezingenangqondo, ezinjengokubambelela ekulahlekeni kwezitokhwe ixesha elide ngethemba lokuba ziya kuphinda zibuyele, okanye ukuthengisa izitokhwe eziphumeleleyo ngokukhawuleza ukutshixa kwiinzuzo.
Ukuqonda ezi ndlela zokuziphatha kunye nokuthambekela kunokunceda abatyali-mali benze izigqibo ezinolwazi ngakumbi. Ngokomzekelo, ukwazi utyekelo lokuzithemba ngokugqithiseleyo kunokukhokelela umtyali-mali ukuba afune ulwazi olongezelelweyo okanye izimvo zesibini ngaphambi kokuba enze isigqibo. Ukuqaphela impembelelo ye-anchoring kunokukhokelela kuhlalutyo olucokisekileyo lwalo lonke ulwazi olufanelekileyo, kungekhona nje ulwazi lokuqala olufunyenweyo.
Imizwa ikwadlala indima ebalulekileyo kutyalo-mali. Uloyiko nokubawa kunokuqhuba iindlela zemarike, kwaye abatyali-zimali ngabanye banokukhukuliseka kwiimvakalelo zentengiso. Ukuqaphela indima yeemvakalelo kunokukhokelela kutyalo-mali oluqeqeshekileyo qhinga, njengokumisela kunye nokunamathela kumanqaku amiselweyo kunye nokuphuma kutyalo-mali, okanye ukusebenzisa i-avareji yeendleko zedola ukunciphisa impembelelo okungazinzi kweemalike.
Ekugqibeleni, ukubaluleka kwenkxaso-mali yokuziphatha kutyalo-mali kulele ekukwazini kwayo ukubonelela ukuqonda okuphangaleleyo kokuziphatha kwemarike kunye nokwenziwa kwesigqibo somntu ngamnye. Ngokuvuma kunye nokuqonda le miba yabantu, abatyali-mali banokuphepha iimpazamo ezixabisa kakhulu kwaye benze izigqibo ezifanelekileyo zotyalo-mali. Akukhona nje ukuqonda amanani, kodwa ukuqonda abantu abasemva kwamanani. Kwaye yiloo nto eyenza ukuba imali yokuziphatha ibe sisixhobo esibaluleke kangaka kwihlabathi lotyalo-mali.
1.3. Umahluko phakathi kweMali yesiNtu kunye neMali yokuZiphatha
Ihlabathi lezemali ngokwesiko belilawulwa iimodeli zoqoqosho olunengqiqo abacinga ukuba abantu bahlala besenza izigqibo ezenza ubutyebi babo buninzi. Yaziwa njenge Izimali zeMveli, le mizekelo yakhelwe kwisiseko sokuba iimarike zisebenza kakuhle kwaye abatyali-mali kunye nabaphathi banokufikelela kulo lonke ulwazi olufanelekileyo kwiinkqubo zokwenza izigqibo. Oku kuthetha ukuba iimakethi ziyakuhlala zilungile kwaye nakuphi na ukutenxa kwimpumelelo yentengiso akwenzeki nje kwaye akunakucingelwa.
Nangona kunjalo, amava kunye nobungqina obunobungqina bubonise ukuba ezi ngqikelelo azihlali ziyinyani. Kulapho Imali yokuziPhatha ingena. Ijolise ekuncediseni imali yemveli ngokwazisa ingqondo yomntu kumxube. I-Behavioral Finance iyavuma ukuba abantu abasoloko benengqiqo kwaye bahlala besenza izigqibo zemali ngokusekelwe kwiimvakalelo, ukuthambekela, kunye ne-heuristics (iindlela ezimfutshane zengqondo).
Ngokomzekelo, abantu batyekele ukuzithemba ngokugqithiseleyo, apho banokuthi baqikelele kakhulu ulwazi lwabo okanye ukukwazi ukuqikelela iintsingiselo zemarike, okukhokelela kwizigqibo ezinokuba yingozi zemali. Enye i-bias eqhelekileyo ukulahleka kokulahlekelwa, apho abantu batyekele ekukhetheni ukuphepha ilahleko kunokuzuza iinzuzo ezifanayo. Oku kunokukhokelela ekuthathweni kwezigqibo ezingenangqondo, njengokubambelela ekulahlekelweni kwesitokhwe ixesha elide ngethemba lokuba baya kuphinda babuyele.
Apho iMali yeMveli ithatha oko abatyali-mali bayingozi, Izimali zokuziphatha ziyayiqonda loo nto ingozi ukunyamezelana kunokwahluka kakhulu phakathi kwabantu yaye kunokuphenjelelwa zizinto ezininzi, kuquka iimvakalelo namava obuqu. Oku kunokukhokelela ekuziphatheni okungahambelaniyo kunye nokubonakala kungenangqiqo, njengokuba umntu ngokuqhelekileyo unobungozi-ochasene ukukhetha ukutyalomali kwi-asethi enobungozi obuphezulu ngenxa yempembelelo yeendaba zamva nje okanye iimbono zabanye.
Ukongeza, iMali yezokuziphatha ikwavavanya ukuba njani izinto zentlalo kwaye ukulinganiselwa kwengqondo inokuchaphazela izigqibo zotyalo-mali. Ngokomzekelo, abantu banenkumbulo elinganiselweyo kunye namandla okusebenza, nto leyo enokukhokelela ekwenzeni lula kunye nokwenziwa ngokubanzi xa kuvavanywa iinkcukacha ezintsonkothileyo zemali. Iimeko zentlalo ezifana nokuziphatha komhlambi nazo zinokuchaphazela izigqibo zemali, apho abantu balandela izenzo zeqela elikhulu, nokuba oko kuchasene neenkolelo zabo okanye ulwazi lwabo.
Ngamafutshane, ngelixa iMali yeMveli ibonelela ngeethiyori ezisisiseko kunye neemodeli zokuqonda iimarike zezemali, i-Behavioral Finance ibonelela ngombono othe kratya othathela ingqalelo ukudibana okuntsonkothileyo kweemvakalelo, ukuthambekela, kunye neemeko zentlalo ekuthathweni kwezigqibo zemali. Oku kuyenza ibe sisixhobo esiyimfuneko kubatyali-mali, abacebisi bezemali, kunye nabenzi bemigaqo-nkqubo abafuna ukuqonda ngcono kwaye bahambe ngeemarike zemali.
2. IiNgcebiso eziPhambili kwiMali yokuZiphatha
Imali yokuziphatha licandelo elijolise ekudibaniseni imiba yezengqondo neyokuqonda ekuthathweni kwezigqibo zoluntu kunye nethiyori yemveli yezoqoqosho neyemali. Yindawo enokuba nefuthe elibonakalayo kwizigqibo zotyalo-mali ozenzayo, ezinokuchaphazela ikamva lakho lezemali. Ukuqonda okusisiseko kwemigaqo yokuziphatha kwezemali kunokuphucula ukwenza kwakho izigqibo zemali kwaye kukuncede uphephe imigibe eqhelekileyo yotyalo-mali.
Enye yeengqikelelo eziphambili kwiimali zokuziphatha ngumbono we iindawo zokuhamba. I-Heuristics ziindlela ezimfutshane zengqondo ezisetyenziswa ngabantu ukwenza izigqibo okanye izigwebo ngokukhawuleza. Ngelixa ezi ndlela zimfutshane zinokonga ixesha, zinokukhokelela kucalucalulo neempazamo. Umzekelo, umtyali-mali unokuxhomekeka kwi-heuristic efana 'nentsebenzo yangaphambili isalathiso seziphumo zexesha elizayo,' ekhokelela ekuthengeni izitokhwe ezisanda kuqhuba kakuhle, kungakhathaliseki ixabiso lazo okanye amandla.
Ukuzonda ilahleko yenye ingcamango esisiseko kwimali yokuziphatha. Ibhekisa kumkhwa wabantu wokukhetha ukuphepha ilahleko kunokuzuza iinzuzo ezilinganayo. Olu tyekelo lunokukhokelela ekwenziweni kwesigqibo esingenangqiqo, njengokubambelela kutyalo-mali olulahlekileyo ixesha elide ngethemba lokuba luya kuphinda lubuyele, okanye ukuthengisa utyalo-mali oluphumeleleyo ngokukhawuleza ukuvala iinzuzo.
Ukuzithemba ngokugqithiseleyo ngomnye umkhethe obhalwe kakuhle wokuziphatha. Abatyali-zimali abazithembileyo badla ngokuqikelela izakhono zabo, ulwazi lwabo, kunye nokuchaneka koqikelelo lwabo. Olu tyekelo lunokukhokelela ekurhwebeni okugqithisileyo, okungonelanga ulwahlulo, kwaye ekugqibeleni, ukusebenza kotyalo-mali olungaphantsi.
Ingcamango ukubala ngengqondo ibalulekile nakwimali yokuziphatha. Kubhekiselele kumkhwa wokuba abantu bahlule imali yabo kwiiakhawunti ezahlukeneyo ngokusekelwe kwiikhrayitheriya ezahlukeneyo, njengomthombo wemali kunye nokusetyenziswa okujoliswe kuyo kwi-akhawunti nganye. Oku kunokukhokelela kwizigqibo zemali ezingekho ngqiqweni, njengokuthatha ityala lekhadi letyala elinenzala ephezulu ngelixa kwangaxeshanye ugcina iakhawunti yokonga enenzala ephantsi.
Gqi beleni, i amandla endowment libhekisela kutyekelo lokuba abantu bayixabise ngakumbi into xa sele benayo. Oku kunokukhokelela kwizigqibo zotyalo-mali ezingenangqiqo, njengokwala ukuthengisa i-asethi engasebenzi kakuhle ngenxa yokuba ingumnikazi wayo.
Ngokuqonda ezi ngqikelelo ziphambili kwizemali zokuziphatha, unokuqalisa ukuqaphela ukuthambekela kunye neempazamo ekuthatheni kwakho izigqibo, kukunceda wenze izigqibo ezinengqondo nezisebenzayo ngokwezemali.
2.1. ITheory yeProspect
Omnye wemiba esisiseko yokwenza izigqibo zoluntu yindima ye iinzuzo kunye nelahleko. Le ngcamango ngundoqo weTheory yeProspect, imodeli enempembelelo yokuzikhethela. Iphuhliswe nguDaniel Kahneman no-Amos Tversky, le nkcazo-bungcali icebisa ukuba xa abantu belinganisa ilahleko enokubakho kunye neenzuzo, abapheleli nje ekucingeni ngesiphumo sokugqibela. Endaweni yoko, banika ubunzima obuninzi kwilahleko enokubakho kuneenzuzo ezilinganayo.
Ngokomzekelo, intlungu yokuphulukana ne-$100 ivakala kakhulu kunovuyo lokufumana isixa esifanayo. Olu qingqo maxabiso asymmetric, oludla ngokubizwa ngokuba ukulahleka kokulahlekelwa, yenye yezinto ezichazayo zeTheory yeProspect. Ineempembelelo ezibalulekileyo kwindlela esiyiqonda ngayo indlela yokuziphatha komntu, ngakumbi kwinkalo yezoqoqosho neyezemali. Icacisa ukuba kutheni abantu benokuthi babambelele ekuphulukaneni notyalo-mali ixesha elide kunokuba bekufanele - intlungu yokuqonda ilahleko inkulu kunomvuzo onokubakho wokutshintsha indlela.
Ukongeza omnye umlinganiso ekwenzeni izigqibo zomntu, iTheory yeProspect nayo yazisa ingcamango ye ukuxhomekeka kwereferensi. Oku kuthetha ukuba ixabiso labantu abancamathele kwiziphumo ezahlukeneyo liphenjelelwa yindawo ethile yereferensi, endaweni yezixa ezipheleleyo zemali okanye iimpahla. Ngokomzekelo, masithi uthengela imoto entsha. Ixabiso okulungeleyo ukuyihlawula lisenokuphenjelelwa lixabiso lemoto yokuqala okanye ixabiso lemoto efanayo kunokuba liphenjelelwe lixabiso elipheleleyo lemali omele uyihlawule.
Gqibela, i ubunzima obunokwenzeka Inqaku leTheyori yeProspection lijongana notyekelo lokuba abantu baqikelele ngokugqithisileyo ukuba nokwenzeka kweziganeko ezingalindelekanga kwaye bajonge ukubakho kweziganeko ezinokwenzeka. Kungenxa yoko le nto abantu bethenga amatikiti elotho okanye iipolisi ze-inshorensi ngokuchasene neziganeko ezinokwenzeka kancinci - baqikelela kakhulu ukuba kunokwenzeka ukuba baphumelele okanye bafumane ilahleko.
Ngamafutshane, iTheory yeProspection ibonelela ngokuqonda okuninzi ngakumbi ekuthathweni kwezigqibo zabantu. Igxininisa isibakala sokuba asisoloko singabadlali abaqiqayo sivavanya ngenyameko iindleko kunye neenzuzo zesigqibo ngasinye. Endaweni yoko, ukhetho lwethu luphenjelelwa kukudityaniswa okuntsokothileyo kweemeko zengqondo, kubandakanya ukucaphukela ilahleko, ukuxhomekeka kwireferensi, kunye nobunzima obunokwenzeka. Oku kuqonda kunokubaluleka kwiinkalo ezahlukeneyo, ukusuka ekuyileni imigaqo-nkqubo esebenzayo kunye nezicwangciso zentengiso ukuya kwizigqibo zomntu zemali.
2.2. UCwangciso-mali ngeNgqondo
Igama elithile UCwangciso-mali ngeNgqondo ibhekisa kwinkqubo yokuqonda esiyisebenzisayo thina bantu ukulungelelanisa, ukuvavanya, kunye nokugcina umkhondo wemisebenzi yethu yezemali. Le ngcamango, yaziswa kuqala nguRichard Thaler owawongwa ngeNobel, icebisa ukuba abantu bahlule ii-asethi zabo ngokweeakhawunti zengqondo ezahlukeneyo ngokusekelwe kwiikhrayitheriya ezahlukeneyo, njengomthombo wemali kunye nokusetyenziswa okujoliswe kuko kwiakhawunti nganye.
Umzekelo, usenokuba 'neakhawunti yengqondo' eyahlukileyo yomvuzo wakho, imali oyigcinileyo, okanye ibhonasi obungayilindelanga oyifumeneyo, kwaye ezi akhawunti zinokuphinda zahlulwe ngokusekelwe kusetyenziso olucetyiweyo olufana nezinto eziyimfuneko, ubunewunewu, okanye utyalo-mali. Olu lwahlulo luhlala luphembelela indlela esiyisebenzisa ngayo imali kunye nezigqibo zotyalo-mali. Ngokomzekelo, abanye basenokukulungela ngakumbi ukuchitha imali ephuma kwi-windfall, njengokuphumelela ilotho okanye ibhonasi engalindelekanga, kwizinto ezingabalulekanga kunemali yomvuzo wabo, abanokukhetha ukuyigcina okanye ukuyityala.
UCwangciso-mali ngeNgqondo inokuchaphazela kakhulu inkqubo yethu yokwenza izigqibo zemali. Ingakhokelela kwizigqibo ezingekho ngqiqweni, ezinje ngokubamba isitokhwe esiqhuba kakubi kuba sithengwe ngemali 'esetyenzwe nzima', ngeli lixa kusetyenziswe isixa-mali 'sokuphelelwa umoya' kutyalo-mali oluyingozi. Ukanti, isenokusetyenziswa njengesixhobo esiluncedo sohlahlo lwabiwo-mali, ukunceda abantu ngabanye ukuba balawule iimali zabo ngokwaba imali 'kwiiakhawunti' ezahlukeneyo ngeenjongo ezithile. Isitshixo kukuqaphela ukuba imali i-fungible - kungakhathaliseki ukuba ivelaphi okanye isetyenziswe ekujoliswe kuyo, idola yidola. Ukuqonda oku kunokunceda ukuthintela ukuthambekela kwengqondo okunxulumene ne-Mental Accounting ekubeni kuchaphazele kakubi izigqibo zethu zemali.
UCwangciso-mali ngeNgqondo ikwanxulumene ngokusondeleyo nombono we ukulahleka kokulahlekelwa. Lo ngumkhwa wokuba abantu bakhethe ukuphepha ilahleko kunokufumana iinzuzo ezilinganayo. Umzekelo, abantu banokukhathazeka ngakumbi ngokuphulukana ne-20 yeedola kunokuba banokonwaba ngokufumana i-20 yeedola. Oku kunokukhokelela kwizigqibo zemali ezingenangqiqo, ezinje ngokubamba isitokhwe esilahlekileyo ngethemba lokuba siya 'kubuyela umva' kwixabiso laso lokuqala. Ukuqaphela oku kuthambekela kunokunceda abantu ukuba benze izigqibo ezinengqondo ngakumbi, kwaye ezinokuba nengeniso ngakumbi, izigqibo zemali.
Ukuqonda kunye nokuqonda impembelelo ye UCwangciso-mali ngeNgqondo inokuba linyathelo elibalulekileyo ekuphuculeni inkqubo yethu yokwenza izigqibo zemali. Ngokuqaphela ukuthambekela kunye nokungabi nangqiqo okunokuthi kubangele le nkqubo yokuqonda, sinokwenza izigqibo ezinolwazi ngakumbi, ezinengqiqo, kwaye ekugqibeleni zibe nenzuzo ngakumbi. Ngapha koko, kwinkalo yezemali zobuqu, ukuzazi sisiqingatha sedabi eliphumeleleyo.
2.3. Umhlambi Ukuziphatha
Ukuqonda ingqiqo ye Ukuziphatha komhlambi inokuba ngumba obalulekileyo wonxibelelwano lwethu noluntu, izigqibo zemali, kunye nokuqonda ngokubanzi indlela yokuziphatha komntu. Esi siganeko sibhekisela ekutyekeleni kwabantu kwiqela elithile ekulandeleni ukuziphatha, iinkolelo okanye izigqibo zesininzi. Le ngcamango ineengcambu zayo kwi-evolutionary biology, apho yayiyindlela yokusinda eyanceda ukukhusela abantu kumarhamncwa ngokunamathela kunye kwiqela.
Ukuziphatha komhlambi ebantwini ihlala ibonwa kwiimeko ezahlukeneyo zentlalo ezifana neendlela zemarike yemasheya, ukuziphatha kokuthenga abathengi, kunye nezithethe kunye neenkolelo zoluntu. Umzekelo, ukunyuka nokuwa kwe-stock market kunokunxulunyaniswa neengqondo zomhlambi, njengoko abatyali-mali bethanda ukulandela iindlela kunye nokwenza izigqibo ngokusekelwe kwindlela yokuziphatha edibeneyo yemarike. Ngokufanayo, ukuziphatha kwabathengi kuphenjelelwa kakhulu ziindlela ezithandwayo kunye nendlela yokuthenga yabaninzi, ekhokelela kwizinto ezinjengokuthenga ukothuka okanye ukungxamela izixhobo zetekhnoloji zamva nje.
Impembelelo yobungqina bentlalo idlala indima ebalulekileyo ekuziphatheni komhlambi. Abantu batyekele ekuboneni ukuba izenzo zifanelekile okanye zilungile xa bebona abanye besenza okufanayo. Oku kunokubonwa kwiimeko ezifana neengoma ezihlekayo kwii-sitcoms, apho abaphulaphuli banokufumana isiqhulo esihlekisayo ukuba besiva abanye behleka.
Nangona kunjalo, ukuziphatha komhlambi kunokukhokelela kwiziphumo ezibi, ezinjengokusasazwa kolwazi olungachananga okanye ukwakheka kwengqondo yehlokondiba. Ukusasazeka ngokukhawuleza kweendaba zomgunyathi okanye amarhe kumaqonga eendaba ezentlalo ngumzekelo obalaseleyo wecala elibi lokuziphatha komhlambi, apho abantu babelana okanye bakholelwa ngolwazi ngaphandle kokuqinisekisa ubunyani bayo, beqhutywa yinto yokuba uninzi loontanga babo benza okufanayo.
Ukuqonda nokulawula ukuziphatha komhlambi inokuba sisixhobo esinamandla, ngakumbi kwiinkalo ezifana nokuthengisa, ezemali, kunye nengqondo yentlalo. Kubathengisi, ukuqonda ukuziphatha komhlambi kunokunceda ekucwangciseni amaphulo entengiso aphakamisa ubungqina bentlalo ukuphembelela izigqibo zokuthenga. Kwezemali, ulwazi ngokuziphatha komhlambi lunokunceda ekwenzeni izigqibo zotyalo-mali ezinolwazi ngokuqonda iintsingiselo zemarike. Kwaye kwi-psychology yentlalontle, uphando malunga nokuziphatha komhlambi lunokunika ulwazi malunga nokuziphatha kwabantu kunye nokutshintsha kwentlalo.
Ngaphandle kweengcinga ezimbi ezihlala zinxulunyaniswa nayo, ukuziphatha komhlambi yinxalenye yendalo yomntu. Njengezidalwa zentlalo, sinocingo lokufuna ukuqinisekiswa kunye nokhuseleko lwamanani, okusikhokelela ekubeni silungelelanise ukuziphatha kwethu kunye nobuninzi. Nangona oku kunokukhokelela kwizigqibo okanye kwizenzo ezingezozabulumko ngamanye amaxesha, kukwasebenza njengobungqina bomnqweno wethu wemvelo womanyano lwentlalo kunye nemvisiswano. Ngoko ke, kubalulekile ukugcina ulungelelwano kwaye wenze izigqibo ezinengqondo kunokulandela umhlambi ngobumfama.
3. I-Common Behavioural Biases kuTyalo-mali
Kwihlabathi lotyalo-mali, kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuba izenzo zethu kunye nezigqibo zethu zihlala ziphenjelelwa ziindlela ezithile zokuziphatha. Olu tyekelo lunokuba nefuthe elibonakalayo kwizicwangciso zethu zotyalo-mali, ezinokukhokelela kwiimpazamo ezibiza kakhulu.
Ukuzithemba Ngokugqithisileyo yenye yezi, apho abatyali-mali bakholelwa ukuba ukukwazi kwabo ukukhetha izitokhwe okanye ixesha lemarike lingcono kunokuba kunjalo. Oku kunokukhokelela ekurhwebeni okugqithisileyo kunye nokuthatha umngcipheko, nto leyo, inciphisa imbuyekezo yotyalo-mali enokubakho. Uphononongo olwenziwa nguBarber no-Odean (2000) lubonise ukuba abatyali-mali abazithembileyo traded ngama-45% ngaphezu kwabatyali-mali abanengqondo, abathobe imbuyekezo yabo yonyaka nge-2.65%.
Bias yoQinisekiso yenye i-bias eqhelekileyo, apho abatyali-mali bafuna ulwazi oluqinisekisa iinkolelo zabo ezikhoyo ngelixa bengabuhoyi ubungqina obuphikisanayo. Oku kunokukhokelela kumbono olindelekileyo wotyalo-mali, njengoko beqwalasela kuphela ulwazi oluxhasa iimbono zabo. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, oku kunokukhokelela kwizigqibo zotyalo-mali ezilambathayo njengoko kuthintela uhlolo olulungeleleneyo lwemingcipheko enokubakho kunye nemivuzo.
Ilahleko yeNzondo yokuKhetha, Ingqikelelo eyaziswa nguKahneman kunye noTversky, ngumkhwa wokuba abatyali-mali bakhethe ngamandla ukuphepha ilahleko kunokuzuza iinzuzo ezilinganayo. Ngamanye amazwi, intlungu yokulahlekelwa inamandla ngokwengqondo ngokuphindwe kabini kunolonwabo lokuzuza. Olu khetho lunokukhokelela kwizigqibo zotyalo-mali olulambathayo, njengokubambelela ekuphulukaneni nezitokhwe ixesha elide ngethemba lokuba ziya kuphinda zibuyele okanye zithengise izitokhwe eziwinileyo kwakamsinya ukuze zitshixeke kwiinzuzo.
Ingqondo Yomhlambi lucala apho abatyali-mali belandela okwenziwa ngabanye kunokuba benze izigqibo ezizimeleyo. Oku kunokukhokelela kumaqamza otyalo-mali kunye nokuwa, njengoko abatyali-mali bethenga kwiimarike ezixabisa kakhulu okanye bathengise ngokothuka ngexesha lokuhla kweemarike, rhoqo ngexesha elingalunganga.
Gqi beleni, Umkhethe wamvanje kuxa abatyali-mali benza izigqibo ezisekelwe kwiziganeko okanye amava akutshanje, becinga ukuba iindlela zamva nje ziya kuqhubeka kwixesha elizayo. Oku kunokukhokelela ekusukeleni ukusebenza, apho abatyali-mali bathenga amasheya okanye iimali ezisandul 'ukusebenza kakuhle, ukungayinaki into yokuba ukusebenza kwangaphambili akubonisi iziphumo ezizayo.
Ukuqonda ezi ngxaki linyathelo lokuqala ekunciphiseni impembelelo yazo kwizigqibo zotyalo-mali. Ngokuziqonda ezi ngxaki kunye nokuthatha amanyathelo okuthomalalisa, abatyali-mali banokwenza izigqibo ezinengqondo nezinolwazi, ezikhokelela kwiziphumo ezingcono zotyalo-mali kwixesha elide.
3.1. Ukuzithemba Ngokugqithisileyo
Kwindawo yotyalo-mali kunye nokwenza izigqibo ngemali, i-psychology idlala indima ebalulekileyo. Enye into enjalo yengqondo ehlala inefuthe kwindlela yokuziphatha komntu, ngakumbi kwizigqibo zotyalo-mali, yi ukuzithemba ngokugqithiseleyo. Olu khetho lokuqonda lukhokelela abantu ukuba bakholelwe ukuba ulwazi lwabo, izakhono zabo, okanye ulwazi lwabo lungaphezulu kunoko luyiyo. Bathanda ukuqikelela kakhulu ukuchaneka koqikelelo lwabo, okukhokelela kwizigqibo zotyalo-mali ezinokuba yingozi.
Ukuzithemba ngokugqithiseleyo inokuthatha iindlela ezininzi, ezinje ngenkohliso yolawulo, apho umntu ekholelwa ukuba unolawulo olungaphezulu kwiziganeko kunokuba benzayo ngokwenene. Ngokomzekelo, ezinye traders banokukholelwa ukuba banokuqikelela iintshukumo zemarike okanye balawule iziphumo zabo zotyalo-mali. Enyanisweni, izinto ezininzi ezingaphaya kolawulo lomtyali-zimali zichaphazela imarike. Olunye uhlobo lolona khetho lungcono kunomndilili, apho abantu baqikelela kakhulu izakhono zabo okanye ukusebenza kwabo xa kuthelekiswa nabanye. Ngaphandle kokungenzeki kwamanani, abantu abaninzi bakholelwa ukuba bangabaqhubi abangcono, abatyali-mali, kunye nabathandi kune-avareji, enokukhokelela ekuziphatheni okuyingozi.
ukuqonda ukuzithemba ngokugqithiseleyo ibalulekile ekudambiseni iziphumo zayo. Ukuqonda oku kuthambekela kunokunceda abantu ukuba benze izigqibo ezilinganiselweyo nezinenjongo ngakumbi, ngakumbi kwiimeko eziphakamileyo ezifana notyalo-mali. Ukongezelela, ikhuthaza ukuthobeka kunye nokufuna iingcebiso zangaphandle. Ngokuvuma ukusikelwa umda kolwazi namandla kabani, abantu ngabanye banokwenza izigqibo benolwazi olungakumbi baze bazilinde kwimigibe esenokubakho yokuzithemba ngokugqithiseleyo.
Nangona kunjalo, kubalulekile ukuba uqaphele ukuba ukuzithemba ngokugqithiseleyo ayikho mbi ngokwemvelo. Kwezinye iimeko, lunokukhuthaza abantu ukuba bathabathe iingozi ezibaliweyo baze bazabalazele usukelo lwamabhongo. Undoqo kukwenza ulungelelwano phakathi kokuzithemba nokuthobeka, ukuvuma iziphiwo zikabani ngoxa uziqonda iintsilelo zikabani.
Izicwangciso zotyalo-mali ezijolise ekuthomalaliseni iziphumo zokuzithemba ngokugqithisileyo zibandakanya ukwahlukahlukana, ukuhlengahlengiswa kwepotfoliyo rhoqo, kunye nokusebenzisa ixesha elide, endaweni yexesha elifutshane, i-horizon yotyalo-mali. Ezi zicwangciso zinokunceda ukunciphisa impembelelo yokuzithemba ngokugqithiseleyo kwizigqibo zotyalo-mali, okukhokelela kwiziphumo ezingcono zemali.
Ukuzithemba ngokugqithiseleyo yinto egqubayo nenamandla yengqondo enokuthi ibe nefuthe elikhulu kwindlela yokuziphatha komntu. Ngokuqonda iimpembelelo ezinokubakho kunye nokwamkela izicwangciso zokunciphisa iziphumo zayo, abantu ngabanye banokwenza izigqibo ezilumkileyo, ezinolwazi ngakumbi kutyalo-mali nakwezinye iinkalo zobomi.
3.2. UQinisekiso lwe-Bias
Ukuqonda ingqikelelo ye-bias yokuqinisekisa ibalulekile ekuqondeni indlela thina, njengabantu, esiluqhuba ngayo ulwazi kunye nokwenza izigqibo. Ngokufuthi, sityekele ekuthandeni inkcazelo eqinisekisa iinkolelo okanye uqikelelo esinalo, sinikela ingqalelo encinane kwezinye iindlela ezinokwenzeka. Olu khetho lunokuchaphazela kakhulu inkqubo yethu yokwenza izigqibo, nto leyo esikhokelela ekubeni senze izigwebo eziphosakeleyo. Ngokomzekelo, ukuba sikholelwa ukuba utyalo-mali oluthile lunenzuzo, sinokufuna ulwazi oluxhasa le nkolelo, ngelixa sityeshela idatha ephikisana nayo.
Ukuqinisekiswa kokunyaniseka ayiphelelanga kwizigqibo zemali; ichaphazela zonke iinkalo zobomi bomntu. Ngokomzekelo, kwezopolitiko, abantu badla ngokufumana ulwazi oluxhasa utyekelo lwabo lwezopolitiko baze bagatye ezo zingakwenziyo oko. Kwisayensi, abaphandi banokuthanda iziphumo eziqinisekisa ucingelo lwabo, bejonge idatha ebacela umngeni.
Ngaphezu koko, Ukukhetha isiqinisekiso kunokukhokelela kwinto eyaziwa ngokuba ‘kukuzingisa elukholweni,’ apho abantu baqhubeka bebambelele kwiinkolelo zabo, kwanaxa kukho ubungqina obuziphikisayo. Oku kunokuthintela ukukhula komntu kunye nokuqamba izinto ezintsha, njengoko kutyhafisa abantu ukuba bacele umngeni kwiingcamango zabo kunye nokuphonononga imibono emitsha.
Kubalulekile ukuba uqaphele ukuba Ukukhetha isiqinisekiso kusenokuba ngumphumo 'wokutyhileka okukhethekileyo,' apho abantu bathi ngabom bazingqonge ngenkcazelo evisisana neembono zabo. Olu khetho lunokunciphisa ukuqonda kwethu ihlabathi, njengoko lidala igumbi le-echo elomeleza iinkolelo zethu ezikhoyo kunye nocalucalulo.
Enye yeendlela zokulwa Ukukhetha isiqinisekiso kukufuna ngenkuthalo nokuqwalasela inkcazelo engqubanayo neenkolelo zethu. Le nkqubo, eyaziwa ngokuba 'yi-disconfirmation bias,' inceda ukucela umngeni kwiingcamango zethu kwaye yandise iimbono zethu. Kukwaluncedo ukubandakanyeka kwiingxoxo nabantu abaneembono ezahlukeneyo, njengoko oku kunokusichanaba kwiimbono ezintsha nakwiimbono ezintsha.
Ukuqinisekiswa kokunyaniseka yinkalo eyendele nzulu yengqiqo yomntu, kwaye asiyonto esinokuyoyisa ngokulula. Noko ke, ngokukuqonda oko size senze umgudu wokucel’ umngeni iingcamango zethu, sinokwenza izigqibo ezilungeleleneyo nezinolwazi ngakumbi.
3.3. Ilahleko Ukucaphuka
Ngokwembono yezemali zokuziphatha, ukulahleka kokulahlekelwa luluvo olubalulekileyo oluchaphazela ngokunzulu iinkqubo zethu zokwenziwa kwezigqibo zemali. Olu khetho lokuqonda, lufakwe kwingqondo yomntu, lubonisa utyekelo lokukhetha ukuphepha ilahleko kunokufumana iinzuzo ezilinganayo. Ngamagama alula, intlungu yokulahlekelwa ngokwengqondo malunga nokuphindwe kabini kunamandla njengolonwabo lokufumana, okuhlala kukhokelela ekuthathweni kwezigqibo ezingenangqiqo kwimicimbi yezemali.
Ukuthiya ilahleko kunokulandwa emva kwixesha lethu lendaleko. Abantu baye bazivelela ukuze babeke phambili ukusinda, kwaye kwixesha lokuqala, nayiphi na ilahleko inokukhokelela kwimiphumo eyintlekele, kuquka ukuphulukana nobomi. Olu cingo lwebhayoloji lokuthintela ilahleko lugqithiselwe kwizigqibo zethu zemali zangoku. Ukuthathela ingqalelo imeko yotyalo-mali, umntu ophenjelelwe kukuthomalalisa ilahleko unokubambelela kwisitokhwe esilahlekileyo ixesha elide, ngethemba lokuba sinokuphinda sibuyele, ngelixa isigqibo esinengqiqo sinokuba kukunciphisa ilahleko kwaye uqhubeke.
Kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuba ukuthiywa kwelahleko kudlulela ngaphaya kwemiba yemali. Ichaphazela iinkalo ezahlukahlukeneyo zobomi bethu, kuquka izigqibo ngempilo, ulwalamano, kwanokhetho lwemihla ngemihla. Umzekelo, abantu bahlala bebambelele kwimisebenzi abangayithandiyo kuba besoyika 'ilahleko' enokubakho enxulumene nokutshintsha imisebenzi, njengokungazinzi okanye ijika lokufunda kwindawo entsha.
Amandla okucaphukela ilahleko akhuliswa ngomnye ucalucalulo lokuqonda owaziwa ngokuba yi amandla endowment. Oku kubhekisa kwixabiso eliphezulu abantu abalibekayo kwizinto ngenxa nje yokuba zezabo, nto leyo eqinisa ngakumbi uloyiko lwelahleko. Umzekelo, umntu unokuxabisa itikiti abanalo kwikonsathi edumileyo kunokuba angathanda ukuyihlawula ekuqaleni.
Ukuqonda kunye nokuvuma impembelelo yokulahlekelwa yilahleko kunokunceda ekwenzeni izigqibo ezinengqondo, ezingaphantsi kweemvakalelo. Ikhuthaza indlela elungeleleneyo ngakumbi umngcipheko kunye nomvuzo, enokuba luncedo ngakumbi kwiimeko zotyalo-mali. Umzekelo, ukwamkela izicwangciso ezifana ulwahlulo inokunceda ukunciphisa ilahleko enokubakho, ngaloo ndlela inciphisa ifuthe elibi lokucaphukela ilahleko.
Ngaphezu koko, ukuqaphela ukucaphuka kwelahleko kunokunceda ekukuxhaseni ngokufanelekileyo. Umzekelo, iinkampani zihlala zisebenzisa izicwangciso zamaxabiso ezisebenzisa uloyiko lwelahleko ukuqhuba intengiso, njengonikezelo lwexesha elinyiniweyo elenza ukunqongophala nokungxamiseka. Ngokufanayo, ekwenzeni izigqibo zobuqu, ukuqonda oku kuthambekela kunokunceda abantu bahlele ukhetho lwabo kwintengiso yabo.vantage. Umzekelo, ukuseta imirhumo ezenzekelayo kwi-akhawunti yokonga kunokubeka ugcino njengenzuzo, kanti ukungenzi njalo kunokubonwa njengelahleko.
Ukuthiya ilahleko, ngelixa kungene nzulu kuthi, akunakoyiswa. Ngolwazi, ukuqonda, kunye nokwenza izigqibo ezicwangcisiweyo, sinokujonga kwaye sisebenzise oku kuthambekela kwintengiso yethu.vantage, ekhokelela kwizigqibo ezingcono zemali kunye nobomi.
4. Izicwangciso-qhinga zokoyisa uKhenketho lokuziphatha
Ukuhamba kakuhle kwiimarike zezemali kwaye wenze izigqibo ezifanelekileyo zotyalo-mali, kubalulekile ukuba uqonde kwaye woyise ucalucalulo lokuziphatha olunokuthi lusithelise isigwebo sakho. Olunye ucalucalulo olunjalo ukulahleka kokulahlekelwa, utyekelo lwethuku lokoyika ilahleko ngaphezu kokuba sixabisa inzuzo. Olu khetho lunokukhokelela kwisicwangciso sotyalo-mali esiqhutywa luloyiko, kunye nabatyali-mali ababambelele ekuphulukaneni nezikhundla ixesha elide kunokuba bebefanele ngethemba lokuguquka. Ukuchasana noku, sebenzisa isicwangciso sotyalo-mali esicwangcisiweyo esibeka imida emiselweyo yokuthengisa ngelahleko. Esi sicwangciso siya kukunceda ukuba uphephe ukwenza izigqibo ngokweemvakalelo kwaye wamkele ilahleko encinci njengenxalenye yesicwangciso esikhulu sotyalo-mali.
Emva koko, sinayo Ukukhetha isiqinisekiso, utyekelo lokufuna nokunika ubunzima obungakumbi kulwazi oluqinisekisa iinkolelo zethu ezikhoyo. Olu tyekelo lunokubangela imbono engalungelelananga yethemba lotyalo-mali kunye nokuzithemba ngokugqithiseleyo kwiingqikelelo zomntu. Ukoyisa olu mkhethe, jonga ngenkuthalo izimvo ezahlukeneyo kwaye uqwalasele lonke ulwazi olukhoyo, nokuba luyaphikisana noqikelelo lwakho lokuqala.
Ucalucalulo lwamvanje yenye i-bias yokuziphatha eqhelekileyo, apho abatyali-mali banika ubunzima obungakumbi kwiziganeko zamva nje ngelixa betyeshela idatha yembali. Oku kunokukhokelela kwizigqibo zotyalo-mali ezingajongwanga kakuhle. Ukulwa noku, jonga rhoqo ukusebenza kwexesha elide kunye nentsingiselo yotyalo-mali lwakho, kunokujolisa kuphela kwiziganeko zemarike zamva nje.
Okokugqibela, kukho iingqondo zomhlambi, utyekelo lokulandela isihlwele. Oku kunokukhokelela ekuthengeni okuphezulu kunye nokuthengisa okuphantsi, okuchasene nesicwangciso sotyalo-mali esiyimpumelelo. Endaweni yoko, zama ukugcina ingqondo ezimeleyo, usekele izigqibo zakho zotyalo-mali kuphando lwakho kunye nohlalutyo endaweni yokuba yintoni ehamba phambili kwimarike.
Ukuqukumbela, ngokuqonda ezi ndlela zokuziphatha kunye nokuphumeza izicwangciso zokulwa nazo, unokuphucula inkqubo yakho yokuthatha izigqibo kwaye uphucule ukusebenza kwakho kotyalo-mali kukonke. Khumbula ukuba, utyalo-mali oluphumelelayo lufuna uqeqesho, umonde, kunye nesicwangciso esicingisiswe kakuhle. Musa ukuvumela ukuziphatha kakubi kuphazamise impumelelo yakho yezemali.
4.1. Ukwazisa kunye neMfundo
Ukuqonda ukubaluleka kwendalo Ulwazi njengeyona nto iphambili ekukhuleni nasekuphuhliseni komntu ibaluleke kakhulu. Kwihlabathi elisoloko litshintsha yaye lizele lulwazi, ukukwazi kwethu ukuzazi izinto ezisingqongileyo, ukuqonda izibakala ezivela kwiintsomi, nokuphuhlisa iimbono ezisekelwe kwinkcazelo esekelwe kulwazi bubuchule obuxabiseke gqitha. Ukwazisa asiyongcinga yodwa, idityaniswa ngokwendalo imfundo.
Imfundo, ngeyona ndlela iyiyo, ayikokufumana nje ulwazi, kodwa kukukwazi ukusebenzisa olo lwazi kwiimeko zehlabathi lokwenyani. Yinkqubo apho sifunda ukuziqonda thina, abanye, kunye nehlabathi elisingqongileyo. Luhambo lobomi bonke oluqala ukusukela ekuzalweni kwethu kwaye luqhubeke kude kube kukuphefumla kwethu kokugqibela.
Ukuziqonda ngumba obalulekileyo wemfundo odla ngokungahoywa kwiimodeli zokufunda eziqhelekileyo. Kubandakanya ukuqonda iimvakalelo zethu, amandla, ubuthathaka, iimpembelelo, imilinganiselo, nosukelo lwethu, nokuyiqonda impembelelo yazo kwabanye. Linyathelo lokuqala elikhokelela kubukrelekrele ngokweemvakalelo, uphawu oluxatyiswa kakhulu kuluntu lwanamhlanje.
Ukuqonda okungqongileyo ngomnye umlinganiselo obalulekileyo. Njengabemi beli planethi, luxanduva lwethu ukuqonda impembelelo yezenzo zethu kokusingqongileyo kunye nokuzabalazela ukuphila okuzinzileyo. Imfundo idlala indima ephambili ekukhuthazeni oku kuqonda, ngokusifundisa ngolungelelwaniso oluntsonkothileyo lwe-ikhosistim, iziphumo zezenzo zomntu kwindalo, kunye namanyathelo esinokuwathatha ukuze sicuthe isiseko sethu se-ikholoji.
Ummandla we ulwazi ngenkcubeko inkulu kwaye intsonkothile. Ngokudityaniswa kwehlabathi kusondeza abantu abavela kwiimvelaphi ezahlukeneyo kunanini na ngaphambili, kubalulekile ukuqonda nokuhlonipha iiyantlukwano zenkcubeko. Imfundo inokunceda ukwaphula iinkolelo, ukukhuthaza uvelwano, nokukhuthaza uxolo nokuqondana kuluntu oluneenkcubeko ezininzi.
Ukwazisa ngemali yenye indawo apho imfundo inokwenza umahluko omkhulu. Ukusuka ekuqondeni iziseko zohlahlo lwabiwo-mali kunye nokonga ukuya ekwenzeni izigqibo zotyalo-mali ezinolwazi, imfundo yezemali inokuxhobisa abantu, inciphise intlupheko, kwaye ikhuthaze ukukhula koqoqosho.
Kwiminyaka yedijithali, ulwazi nge-cyber iye yavela njengomda omtsha wemfundo. Njengoko sichitha ixesha elininzi kwi-intanethi, kubalulekile ukuqonda ubungozi obunxulunyaniswa nehlabathi ledijithali, obufana nobuxhaphazi be-intanethi, ubusela besazisi, kunye ne-intanethi. imikhonyovu. Imfundo inokubonelela ngezixhobo eziyimfuneko zokuhamba kwihlabathi ledijithali ngokukhuselekileyo nangokuthembekileyo.
Ukuqukumbela, ulwazi kunye nemfundo ngamacala amabini engqekembe enye, ngalinye likhulisa kwaye lincedisana. Ngokukhuthaza ukwazisa ngemfundo, sinokuzixhobisa thina kunye nabanye ukuba senze izigqibo ezizizo, sizibandakanye ngendlela eyakhayo nehlabathi, kwaye ekugqibeleni, siphile ubomi obanelisayo ngakumbi. Njengoko isicatshulwa esidumileyo sikaNelson Mandela sihamba, "Imfundo sesona sixhobo sinamandla onokusisebenzisa ukutshintsha ihlabathi".
4.2. Ukwahluka
Utyalo-mali kwi-asethi enye okanye ukugxila kuphela kwiseti yesakhono esinye kuthelekiswa nokubeka onke amaqanda akho kwibhaskithi enye. Ukuba iitanki enye yotyalo-mali okanye ukuba isakhono sakho siphelelwe lixesha, ushiywe ungenanto. Kulapho ukubaluleka kwe ulwahlulo kungena.
Ngelixa ngokwesiko isetyenziswa kumxholo weepotfoliyo zotyalo-mali, ingqikelelo yokwahluka iyasebenza ngokulinganayo ekuphuhliseni ubuntu obulungelelanisiweyo kunye neseti yezakhono. Kanye njengoko isasaza umngcipheko kulo lonke utyalo-mali olwahlukeneyo, ukwahlula izakhono namava akho inokunceda ukukhusela into engalindelekanga. Umzekelo, ukuba isakhono esinye asibalulekanga ngenxa yenkqubela phambili yetekhnoloji, ukuba nezinye izakhono onokuthi ubuyele kuzo kunokusindisa ubomi.
Ukwahluka ekufundeni nayo ibalulekile. Ikhuthaza ukuqonda okubanzi kunye nokuxabisa amacandelo ahlukeneyo, anokuthi avuselele ubuchule kunye nokusungula. Isenokubonelela ngembono yehlabathi ebanzi, ikuncede uqonde ngcono kwaye unxibelelane nabantu abavela kwiimvelaphi ezahlukeneyo kunye neenkcubeko.
Xa kuziwa kuphuhliso lwekhondo lomsebenzi, ukuhlukahluka kunokuba ngumdlalo wokwenene wokutshintsha. Ukwahlula amava akho omsebenzi ayiphuculi nje isakhono sakho kodwa ikwabonelela ngokutyhileka kumashishini ahlukeneyo, iindima kunye neembono. Oku kunokonyusa ukuguquguquka kwakho, kukwenza ube nomtsalane ngakumbi kwabo banokuba ngabaqeshi.
Ngokumalunga nokukhula komntu, ukwahlukana kunokomeleza ukomelela. Ngokuhlangabezana neemeko ezahlukeneyo kunye nemingeni, uphuhlisa uluhlu lwezicwangciso zokumelana. Oku kunokukunceda ukuba ujonge amahla ndinyuka obomi.
Nangona kunjalo, kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukuba ulwahlulo alukhokeleli ekunqongolweni okanye kubuchwephesha kuyo nayiphi na indawo enye. Ukufezekisa ukulingana phakathi kobubanzi nobunzulu kubalulekile. Imalunga nokuba ne ubuchule, kodwa kwakhona ukuyixhasa ngesiseko esibanzi solwazi nezakhono.
Ke, njengepotfoliyo yotyalo-mali eyahluka-hlukeneyo, izakhono ezahlukeneyo, amava, kunye nolwazi zinokubonelela ngomnatha wokhuseleko, ukukhuthaza ukuyila, ukomeleza ukuguquguquka, kunye nokwakha ukomelela. Sisicwangciso esinokuhlawula imbuyekezo kwimeko yezemali neyabantu.
4.3. Ukusetyenziswa kweRobo-abacebisi
Ukufika kwetekhnoloji kwicandelo lezemali kuzise iinguqu ezininzi, kunye nenye into entsha ebalulekileyo kukukhula kwe. Abacebisi beRobo. La ngamaqonga edijithali abonelela ngokuzenzekelayo, iinkonzo zocwangciso lwezemali eziqhutywa yi-algorithm kunye nokuncinci ukuya konganyelwe ngumntu. Umcebisi we-robo oqhelekileyo uqokelela ulwazi oluvela kubaxhasi malunga neemeko zabo zemali kunye neenjongo zexesha elizayo ngokusebenzisa uphando lwe-intanethi, kwaye emva koko usebenzisa idatha ukubonelela ngeengcebiso kunye nokutshala ngokuzenzekelayo iimpahla zabathengi.
Intengiso yokuqalavantage yerobo-abacebisi yeyabo iindleko-ngempumelelo. Abacebisi bezemali bemveli babiza ngokubanzi phakathi kwe-1% ukuya kwi-2% yetotali ye-asethi elawulwayo, ngelixa abacebisi be-robo bahlala bebiza imirhumo ephantsi kakhulu, ngokuqhelekileyo malunga ne-0.25% ukuya kwi-0.50% yee-asethi eziphantsi kolawulo. Oku, kunye nemali encinci efunekayo ukuqalisa utyalo-mali, yenza abacebisi be-robo babe yindlela yokufikelela ngakumbi kwabo banemali encinci.
Enye inzuzo yabacebisi be-robo yabo ukulula kunye nokulula. Abasebenzisi banokufikelela kwiiakhawunti zabo naphi na nangaliphi na ixesha, okwenza kube lula ukubeka esweni utyalo-mali kunye nokwenza utshintsho ukuba kuyimfuneko. Ubume obuzenzekelayo bezi nkonzo bukwasusa umba weemvakalelo wotyalo-mali, nto leyo enokuthi ikhokhelele ekuthathweni kwezigqibo ezigwenxa.
Nangona kunjalo, ukusetyenziswa kwe-robo-abacebisi kwakhona kuza kunye ne-disad embalwavantages. Indlela yabo esekwe kwi-algorithm ayinayo uchuku lomntu abacebisi abangabantu banokubonelela. Ngokomzekelo, abanako ukuqonda ama-nuances emeko yezemali yomthengi ngendlela efanayo nomntu. Ngapha koko, abacebisi be-robo ngokubanzi balandela a misela isicwangciso sotyalo-mali esekwe kwiTheory yePotfoliyo yeModern (MPT), enokuthi ingahambelani neengcinga zotyalo-mali zabathengi abathile.
Nangona abacebisi be-robo ngokuqinisekileyo bayinto entsha ephawulekayo kwishishini lezemali, ukusetyenziswa kwabo kufuneka kunqunywe ngeemeko zomntu ngamnye kunye nezinto ezikhethwayo. Abo bakhetha indlela yobuqu ngakumbi, yesiko kunokuba ngcono kumcebisi ongumntu. Nangona kunjalo, kulabo baxabisa iindleko-ukusebenza kunye nokulula, abacebisi be-robo banokuba lukhetho oluhle kakhulu. Nokuba yeyiphi na indlela oyikhethayo, undoqo kukuba hlala unolwazi kwaye lawula ngenkuthalo utyalo-mali lwakho ukuqinisekisa ukuba luhambelana neenjongo zakho zemali.
5. Isiphelo
Ukuqonda ubunzima, iyantlukwano, kunye nokubanakho kwe ubuntu ibalulekile kuyo yonke inkqubo yokwenza izigqibo, nokuba kushishino, kwezopolitiko, okanye kubudlelwane bomntu. Xa sithetha ngabantu, sibhekisa kwizinto ezininzi - ukusuka kwiimpawu zebhayoloji ukuya kwiimpawu zengqondo, ukusuka kwiimpembelelo zenkcubeko ukuya kumava omntu. Ezi zinto zinegalelo ekwahlukeni komntu ngamnye kwaye ngokudibeneyo zenza iindidi ezahlukeneyo zoluntu.
Ukuqonda kwengqondo ngomnye umba ophambili. Abantu abaqhutywa kuphela yingqiqo okanye ithuku lokusinda, kodwa nayiemvakalelo, iinkolelo kunye nemilinganiselo. Sinamandla okucinga, ukuqiqa, kunye nokwenza izigqibo ezisekelwe kuzo zombini iinkqubo zokuqonda kunye neemeko zeemvakalelo. Ngaphezu koko, abantu banesakhono esikhethekileyo sokuzazi, ukuzihlolisisa, nokucamngca, nto leyo enokuba nempembelelo enkulu kwindlela yokuziphatha nasekuthabatheni izigqibo.
Biology yenye into ebalulekileyo. Ubuchopho bomntu, nothungelwano lwayo oluntsonkothileyo lwemithambo-luvo kunye ne-synapses, lelona lungu lintsonkothileyo kwindalo iphela. Lunoxanduva lweengcinga zethu, iimvakalelo kunye nokuziphatha. Ukuqonda imiba yebhayoloji yendalo yomntu, efana nemfuza, i-neurobiology, kunye nephysiology, inokubonelela ngengqiqo enzulu ngokuziphatha komntu kunye nokubakho kotshintsho.
Iimpembelelo zenkcubeko nezentlalo zikwabalulekile ekuqondeni abantu. Sizizidalwa zentlalo ezihlala kwaye ziphumelele ekuhlaleni. Iinkcubeko zethu, uluntu, kunye nobudlelwane phakathi kwabantu bubumba indlela esibona ngayo, iinkolelo kunye nokuziphatha kwethu. Ukuqaphela impembelelo yale miba yentlalo kunye nenkcubeko kunokusinceda siqonde ubutyebi kunye nokwahlukana kwamava kunye neembono zabantu.
Amava obuqu kunye nokungafani komntu ngamnye nazo zidlala indima ebalulekileyo. Wonke umntu unebali lobomi elilodwa elakhiwe ngamava amaninzi. La mava, kunye nokungafani kobuntu, ubukrelekrele, nezinye iimpawu, kufak’ isandla ekubeni umntu ngamnye ahluke.
Amandla omntu sisiphelo sayo yonke le miba. Abantu banesakhono esimangalisayo sokufunda, ukuyila, ukuziqhelanisa nokukhula. Esi nokwenzeka asilungiswanga kodwa sinokuphuhliswa kwaye sikhuliswe ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo, ezifana nemfundo, uqeqesho, kunye nemisebenzi yophuhliso lomntu.
Ngokwenyani, ukuqonda abantu ngumzamo obanzi ofuna indlela ebanzi. Kubandakanya ukuqaphela nokuxabisa ukuntsokotha kunye neyantlukwano yendalo yomntu, kunye nokuvuma amandla amakhulu akhoyo kuye wonke umntu. Oku kuqonda kunokusikhokela ekukhuthazeni uvelwano ngakumbi, ukubandakanya, kunye nobudlelwane obusebenzayo, uluntu kunye namaziko.
5.1. Inkcazo kwakhona yoBaluleko lokuQonda iNdlela yokuPhatha koLuntu kuTyalo-mali
Iindlela zotyalo-mali zihlala zijikeleza amanani, iitshathi, kunye nezalathi zoqoqosho. Nangona kunjalo, inkalo yokuziphatha komntu ayinakungahoywa njengoko inempembelelo ebalulekileyo kwizigqibo zotyalo-mali. Ukuziphatha komntu kutyalo-mali ibhekisa kwinkqubo yokwenza izigqibo zotyalo-mali ezisekelwe kwiimvakalelo, utyekelo, kunye nemiba yezengqondo.
Abatyali-mali abasoloko benengqiqo, yaye izigqibo zabo zidla ngokuphenjelelwa ziimvakalelo zabo. Njengokuba, ukwesaba nokunyoluka ziimvakalelo ezimbini eziphambili ezichaphazela kakhulu izigqibo zotyalo-mali. Uloyiko lunokubangela ukuba abatyali-mali bathengise utyalo-mali lwabo ngexabiso eliphantsi ngexesha lokuhla kweemarike, ngelixa ukubawa kunokubakhokelela ekuthengeni okungakumbi ngexesha lokunyuka kweemarike, okunokukhokelela kutyalo-mali kwii-asethi ezixabisa kakhulu.
Ukuqinisekiswa kokunyaniseka lolunye uphawu lokuziphatha oluchaphazela utyalo-mali. Oku kuxa abatyali-mali befuna ulwazi oluqinisekisa iinkolelo zabo ezikhoyo kwaye balutyeshele ulwazi oluphikisana nabo. Icala elinjalo lingakhokelela kwizigqibo zotyalo-mali ezilambathayo njengoko licutha imbono kwaye lithintele ukuqwalaselwa kweendlela ezahlukeneyo zotyalo-mali.
Ukongezelela, i iingqondo zomhlambi inokuchaphazela kakhulu isicwangciso sotyalo-mali. Abatyali-mali bahlala belandela isihlwele, ngakumbi ngamaxesha okuguquguquka kweemarike. Nangona oku ngamanye amaxesha kunokukhokelela kwinzuzo yemali, kunokukhokelela kwilahleko enkulu ukuba isihlwele sibhekisa kwicala elingalunganga.
Ukuzithemba ngokugqithiseleyo lolunye uphawu olunokuba nefuthe elibi kwizigqibo zotyalo-mali. Abatyali-mali abazithembileyo bakholisa ukukholelwa ukuba banolwazi oluphezulu okanye amandla okuqikelela iintsingiselo zemarike, okukhokelela ekubeni bathathe umngcipheko ogqithisileyo.
Ukuqonda le miba yokuziphatha kunokunceda abatyali-mali benze izigqibo ezinolwazi nezinengqiqo. Ngokuqaphela iimvakalelo zabo kunye nokuthambekela kwabo, abatyali-mali banokusebenza ukubalawula kwaye babathintele ekuphembeleleni kakubi isicwangciso sabo sotyalo-mali. Oku kunokukhokelela kwizigqibo zotyalo-mali ezisebenzayo kunye nembuyekezo ephezulu.
Ukongeza kubatyalizimali ngabanye, abacebisi bezemali banokuzuza kwakhona ekuqondeni ukuziphatha komntu kutyalo-mali. Abacebisi banokusebenzisa olu lwazi ukuze baqonde ngcono iimfuno zabathengi babo kunye nokuziphatha, ukubanceda ukuba banike iingcebiso ezenzelwe wena kunye nezisebenzayo.
Ngaphaya koko, iinkampani kunye nemibutho inokusebenzisa ulwazi malunga nokuziphatha kwabantu ukuphucula izicwangciso zabo zoshishino. Umzekelo, banokusebenzisa oku kuqonda ukwenza iimveliso kunye neenkonzo ezihlangabezana ngcono neemfuno kunye nezinto ezikhethwa ngabathengi babo, ngaloo ndlela benyusa intengiso yabo yokhuphiswano.vantage.
Ngaphandle kokubaluleka kokuqonda ukuziphatha komntu kutyalo-mali, yintsimi entsonkothileyo neneenkalo ezininzi. Ke ngoko, ukufunda okuqhubekayo kunye nokuhlola kubalulekile kubatyali-mali, abacebisi, kunye neenkampani ngokufanayo. Nangona kunjalo, iinzuzo ezinokuthi zibekho zibalulekile, nto leyo eyenza ukuba ibe yinzame efanelekileyo kuye nabani na obandakanyekayo kwinkqubo yotyalo-mali.
5.2. IiNdlela zekamva kwiMali yokuziPhatha
Njengoko singena kwixesha elizayo, kukho iindlela ezininzi eziphawulekayo ezivelayo kwicandelo lezemali zokuziphatha ezifuna ukuhoywa kwethu. Okokuqala, ukuhlanganiswa kwe Kukubhadla okungeyonyani (AI) kunye nokuFunda koomatshini (ML) kwimali yokuziphatha iya ixhaphaka ngakumbi. Obu bugcisa bunamandla okuguqula indlela esiyiqonda ngayo kwaye sitolike indlela yokuziphatha kwabantu xa kuthatyathwa izigqibo zemali. Banokuhlalutya izixa ezikhulu zedatha, bachonge iipateni kunye neendlela eziya kuba nzima, okanye akunakwenzeka, ukuba abantu baziqonde. Oku kunokukhokelela kuqikelelo oluchanekileyo ngakumbi lokuziphatha kweemarike kunye nezicwangciso ezisebenzayo zotyalo-mali.
Omnye umkhwa othembisayo kukukhula kokugxila kwi imali ngokweemvakalelo. Le sub-field yemali yokuziphatha iphonononga imiba yeemvakalelo neyengqondo kutyalo-mali, ijolise ekuqondeni ukuba iimvakalelo ziphembelela njani izigqibo zemali. Njengoko siqhubela phambili, sinokulindela ukubona uphando oluninzi kunye nokusetyenziswa okusebenzayo kule ndawo, njengokuphuhliswa kwezixhobo kunye nezicwangciso zokunceda abatyali-mali balawule iimvakalelo zabo kunye nokwenza izigqibo ezinengqiqo.
Ukunyuka kwe neurofinance yenye intsingiselo yokubukela. Eli candelo litsha lidibanisa i-neuroscience kunye nezezimali ukuphonononga indlela ubuchopho bethu obusebenza ngayo ulwazi lwezemali kunye nokwenza izigqibo. I-Neurofinance inokubonelela ngengqiqo ebalulekileyo kwiinkqubo zokuqonda ezibandakanyekayo ekuthathweni kwezigqibo zemali, ezinokukhokelela kwimfundo yezemali esebenzayo kunye neenkonzo zeengcebiso.
Ukuqondwa okukhulayo kokubaluleka ulwazi lwezezimali ikwayindlela ekufanele iqatshelwe. Kukho ulwazi olwandayo lokuba indlela abantu abaziphatha ngayo ngokwasemalini iphenjelelwa kakhulu linqanaba labo lokufunda ngezezimali. Ke ngoko, kukho ukukhula okukhulayo kwemfundo yezemali engakumbi nengcono ukunceda abantu benze izigqibo ezinolwazi ngezezimali. Oku kunokukhokelela ekutshintsheni kwindlela iinkonzo zemali ezinikezelwa ngayo, kugxilwe kakhulu kwimfundo nokuxhobisa.
Okokugqibela, ikamva lemali yokuziphatha linokubona ugxininiso olukhulu Ngokwezifiso. Ukuqonda ukuba wonke umntu wahlukile, ngeendlela zakhe zokuziphatha, izinto azikhethayo, kunye nokuthambekela ecaleni, kukho indlela ekhulayo yokunikezela ngeengcebiso kunye neenkonzo zezemali. Oku kunokubandakanya ukusebenzisa ubugcisa be-AI kunye ne-ML ukuhlalutya indlela yokuziphatha kwabantu ngabanye ngemali kunye nokulungiselela iinkonzo ezihambelana neemfuno kunye neemeko zabo.
Zonke ezi meko zibonisa ukuba ikamva lezemali zokuziphatha liza kuba phambili ngakumbi kubuchwepheshe, ligxile ebantwini ngakumbi, kwaye libe lelomntu ngakumbi, kugxilwe kakhulu ekuqondeni nasekuphuculeni indlela yokuziphatha kwabantu ngokwemali.
