1. Utyalo-mali kwiiMpahla zaMazwe ngaMazwe
Utyalo-mali kumazwe ngamazwe esitokisini iye yaba yinto enomtsalane qhinga kubatyali-mali abafuna ukohlula iipotfoliyo zabo kwaye bangene ekukhuleni koqoqosho lwehlabathi. Njengoko ihlabathi lisiya linxibelelana ngakumbi, iimarike zamazwe ngamazwe zibonelela ngamathuba anokuthi urhwebo lwangaphakathi lungasoloko lubonelela. Kweli candelo, siza kuphonononga ukuba zithini na izitokhwe zamazwe ngamazwe, izibonelelo zazo, imingcipheko ebandakanyekayo, kunye namanyathelo abalulekileyo okuqalisa ukutyala imali kwiimarike zamazwe ngamazwe.
1.1 Chaza iiMpahla zaMazwe ngaMazwe kunye neeNzuzo zazo
Izitokhwe zamazwe ngamazwe zibhekisa kwizabelo zeenkampani ezidweliswe ngaphandle kwelizwe lomtyali-mali. Ezi nkampani zisebenza kwiimarike zangaphandle, kwaye ukutyalomali kwizitokhwe zabo kuvumela abatyali-mali ukuba bahluke ngaphaya koqoqosho lwabo lwasekhaya. Ngokuquka izitokhwe zamazwe ngamazwe kwipotfoliyo, abatyali-zimali banokuzuza kumandla okukhula kweemarike zehlabathi, ngakumbi kwimimandla enokuthi ifumana uphuhliso olukhawulezayo loqoqosho kunemarike yasekhaya.
Enye yeenzuzo eziphambili kutyalo-mali lwamazwe ngamazwe iyaphuculwa ulwahlulo. Ukutyala imali kumazwe amaninzi kunciphisa impembelelo okungazinzi kweemalike nakuwuphi na ummandla omnye. Ukongeza, iimarike zamazwe ngamazwe zinokubonelela ngokufikelela kumashishini okanye kwiinkampani ezinokungamelwanga kangako okanye zingafumanekiyo kwiimarike zasekhaya. Umzekelo, iimarike ezivelayo zihlala zibamba iinkampani ezikhula kakhulu kumacandelo afana netekhnoloji kunye namandla avuselelekayo.
1.2 Cacisa imingcipheko eBandakanywe kuTyalo-mali lwaMazwe ngaMazwe
Ngelixa izitokhwe zamazwe ngamazwe zibonelela ngamathuba ahlukeneyo kunye nokukhula, ziza kunye neseti ekhethekileyo yeengozi. Omnye weyona mingcipheko ibalulekileyo kutshintshiselwano lwemali ingozi. Ekubeni izitokhwe zangaphandle zixatyiswa kwiimali zazo zengingqi, ukuguquguquka kumaxabiso otshintshiselwano kunokuphucula okanye kuphelise imbuyekezo xa iguqulelwa kwimali yasekhaya yomtyali-zimali. Umzekelo, ukuba imali yangaphandle iyancipha xa ithelekiswa nemali yasekhaya yomtyali-mali, ixabiso lotyalo-mali lisenokuhla nokuba ixabiso lesitokhwe liyenyuka.
Ukungazinzi kwezopolitiko noqoqosho kumazwe angaphandle ngomnye umngcipheko. Iziganeko ze-geopolitical, utshintsho kwimigaqo-nkqubo karhulumente, kunye neengxaki zezoqoqosho zinokuchaphazela kakubi amaxabiso esitokhwe. Abatyali-zimali kufuneka kwakhona baqwalasele umahluko kwimimiselo yemarike, imigangatho yolawulo lweshishini, kunye nezenzo zokubala, ezinokwahluka kakhulu ukusuka kwelinye ilizwe ukuya kwelinye, ezinokuchaphazela ukungafihli kunye nokuthembeka kwedatha yezemali.
1.3 Chaza aManyathelo aBandakanyiweyo kuTyalo-mali kwiZitokhwe zaMazwe ngaMazwe
Ukutyala imali kwii-stocks zamazwe ngamazwe kufuna isicwangciso esicacileyo kunye nolwazi lweenkqubo ezibandakanyekayo. Inyathelo lokuqala kuphando kwaye ukhethe amazwe ngamazwe broker obonelela ngofikelelo kutshintshiselwano lwezabelo zangaphandle. Eyahlukileyo brokers zibonelela ngamanqanaba ahlukeneyo okufikelela kwiimarike zamazwe ngamazwe, kwaye abatyali-mali kufuneka bavavanye ukhetho lwabo ngokusekelwe kwimirhumo, urhwebo amaqonga, kunye noluhlu lweemarike ezikhoyo.
Emva koko, abatyali-mali kufuneka baziqhelanise neenkqubo ezithile zokuthenga nokuthengisa izitokhwe zamazwe ngamazwe. Oku kuquka ukuqonda iintlobo zeodolo, ezifana nee-odolo zemarike kunye nokunciphisa, kunye nendlela ezisebenza ngayo kutshintshiselwano lwangaphandle. Abatyali-zimali kusenokufuneka bathathele ingqalelo iimpembelelo zerhafu, ezinje ngokubamba irhafu kwizahlulo kunye neenzuzo ezinkulu, ezihluka ngokwamazwe.
Okokugqibela, abatyali-mali kufuneka baqhubeke bebeka iliso kwipotifoliyo yabo yamazwe ngamazwe kwaye bayilungelelanise ngokusekwe kuguquko lweemeko zemarike, ukuguquguquka kwexabiso lotshintshiselwano, kunye nokuvela komngcipheko we-geopolitical.
Isihlokwana | Amaphuzu aphambili |
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Chaza iZitokhwe zaMazwe ngaMazwe kunye neeNzuzo zazo | Izitokhwe zamazwe ngamazwe zizabelo zeenkampani zangaphandle. Izibonelelo zibandakanya ukuhlukahluka kunye nokufikelela kwiimarike ezikhulayo zehlabathi. |
Cacisa iiNgozi eziBandakanywe kuTyalo-mali lwamazwe ngamazwe | Imingcipheko ibandakanya umngcipheko wokutshintshiselana ngemali, ukungazinzi kwezopolitiko, kunye nomahluko kwimimiselo yemarike kunye nokungafihli. |
Chaza aManyathelo aBandakanyiweyo kuTyalo-mali kwiZitokhwe zaMazwe ngaMazwe | Amanyathelo abandakanya ukukhetha owamazwe ngamazwe broker, ukuqonda iinkqubo zokurhweba, kunye nokubeka esweni iimpembelelo zerhafu kunye nokusebenza kweepotfoliyo. |
2. Ukuqonda iiMarike zamazwe ngamazwe
Ukutyala imali kwii-stocks zamazwe ngamazwe kufuna ukuqonda okunzulu kwiimarike ezahlukeneyo zehlabathi kunye nezinto ezichaphazelayo. Iimarike zamazwe ngamazwe zingahlelwa ngokweendidi ezahlukeneyo, nganye ineempawu ezizodwa ezichaphazela amathuba otyalo-mali. Kweli candelo, siza kuphonononga iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zeemarike zamazwe ngamazwe, izinto eziphambili ezizibumbayo, kunye nezixhobo kunye nezibonelelo abatyali-mali abanokusebenzisa ukuphanda ezi marike ngokufanelekileyo.
2.1 Iindidi ezahlukeneyo zeeMarike zaMazwe ngaMazwe (EziPhuhliweyo, ezisaPhumayo, eziMda)
Iimarike zamazwe ngamazwe zihlelwa ngokubanzi zibe ziindidi ezintathu eziphambili: iimarike eziphuhlisiweyo, ezisahlumayo, kunye nezisemdeni.
Uphuhliso lweemarike lolona qoqosho luzinzileyo noluqolileyo, oluphawulwa ziimeko zezopolitiko ezizinzileyo, iziseko ezingundoqo eziphucukileyo, kunye neenkqubo zemali ezilawulwa kakuhle. Amazwe afana ne-United States, iUnited Kingdom, iJapan, neJamani awela kolu didi. Utyalo-mali kwiimarike eziphuhlileyo kunika umngcipheko ophantsi ngenxa yozinzo lwezoqoqosho, kodwa amandla okukhula anokuba phakathi njengoko olu qoqosho sele lukhulile.
Iimarike ezivelayo, kwelinye icala, luqoqosho olukwinkqubo yokukhula ngokukhawuleza kwemizi-mveliso kunye nokukhula kodwa lusenokujongana nemingeni enxulumene neziseko ezingundoqo, ulawulo, kunye nokuzinza kwezopolitiko. Imizekelo yeemarike ezivelayo ziquka iChina, iIndiya, neBrazil. Ezi marike zibonelela ngesakhono sokukhula esiphezulu xa kuthelekiswa neemarike eziphuhlileyo, kodwa nazo ziza nokunyuka kokuguquguquka kunye nomngcipheko.
Iimarike zeFrontier zimele ezona qoqosho zincinci ziphuhlileyo kwaye zihlala zikumanqanaba okuqala oshishino. Amazwe akweli nqanaba, anjengeNigeria, iVietnam, kunye neKenya, ajongwa njengasemngciphekweni omkhulu ngenxa yokungazinzi kwezopolitiko, iinkqubo zezimali ezingaphuhliswanga, kunye nokulinganiselwe. utywala kwiimarike zabo zemasheya. Nangona kunjalo, iimarike zemida zinokubonelela ngembuyekezo ephezulu kubatyali-mali abazimisele ukuthatha umngcipheko omkhulu, njengoko bekwinqanaba lokuqala lophuhliso loqoqosho.
Ukuqonda umahluko phakathi kwezi ntlobo zemarike kubalulekile kubatyali-mali kuba inqanaba umngcipheko kunye nomvuzo onokubakho iyahluka kakhulu phakathi kwabo. Abatyali-mali kufuneka bavavanye ukunyamezela kwabo umngcipheko kunye ne-horizon yotyalo-mali xa besenza isigqibo sokuba loluphi uhlobo lwentengiso oluhambelana neenjongo zabo.
2.2 Imiba ePhambili enempembelelo kwiiMarike zaMazwe ngaMazwe (iZalathi zoQoqosho, iMisitho yeGeopolitical)
Iimarike zamazwe ngamazwe ziphenjelelwa luluhlu lwezinto ezinokudala amathuba okanye imingcipheko kubatyali-zimali. Enye yezona zinto zibaluleke kakhulu izalathisi zoqoqosho, enika ingqiqo ngempilo nokukhula koqoqosho lwelizwe. Izalathisi ezifana namazinga okukhula kweGDP, ukunyuka kwamaxabiso, ukungaqeshwa, kunye umgangatho wenzala ingaba nempembelelo enkulu kumaxabiso esitokhwe kunye nokuzithemba komtyali-mali. Ngokomzekelo, ilizwe elijongene nokukhula koqoqosho oluphezulu kunokwenzeka ukuba libone ukunyuka kwemarike yemasheya, ngelixa ukunyuka kwamaxabiso aphezulu okanye ukunyuka kwamaxabiso enzala kunokubonakalisa imingeni enokubakho kumashishini.
Iziganeko zobume bomhlaba yenye into ebalulekileyo enokuba nefuthe kwiimarike zamazwe ngamazwe. Ukungazinzi kwezopolitiko, utshintsho kurhulumente, trade imigaqo-nkqubo, kunye neengxabano kunokudala ukuguquguquka kunye nokungaqiniseki kwiimarike zemasheya. Umzekelo, trade Ukungavisisani phakathi kwamazwe kunokukhokelela kwiintlawulo okanye izithintelo ezichaphazela ihlabathi trade, ngokwenza oko kube nefuthe kwiinkampani ezixhomekeke kumakhonkco obonelelo ngamazwe ngamazwe. Abatyali-zimali kufuneka babeke iliso elibukhali kuphuhliso lwe-geopolitical kwaye baqwalasele indlela ezinokuchaphazela ngayo amazwe abatyala kuwo.
Ukuguquguquka kwezinga lotshintshiselwano nako kudlala indima ebalulekileyo kutyalo-mali lwamazwe ngamazwe. Ixabiso lemali yelizwe xa lithelekiswa namanye linokuba nefuthe kwimbuyekezo kutyalo-mali lwangaphandle. Ngokomzekelo, imali ebuthathaka inokunciphisa imbuyekezo kubatyali-mali bamazwe ngamazwe xa beguqula inzuzo kwimali yabo yasekhaya.
2.3 UPhando lweeMarike zaMazwe ngaMazwe (Ukusebenzisa iiNdaba zezeMali, iziXhobo zokuHlalutya)
Ukuphanda ngeemarike zamazwe ngamazwe kubalulekile ukwenza izigqibo zotyalo-mali ezinolwazi. Abatyali-mali banokufikelela kuluhlu olubanzi lwezixhobo kunye nezibonelelo ezinokubanceda baqokelele ulwazi kwiimarike zangaphandle. Enye yeendlela eziqhelekileyo zokuhlala uhlaziywa yi emali iindaba ezithengisa, ebonelela ngolwazi lwexesha lokwenyani malunga nophuhliso lwezoqoqosho, imivuzo yamashishini, kunye nentengiso iintsingiselo kumhlaba jikelele. Amaqonga eendaba ezinkulu zezimali ahlala enamacandelo anikezelweyo kwiimarike zamazwe ngamazwe, anikezela ngohlalutyo kunye nezimvo zeengcali.
Ukongeza kwimithombo yeendaba, abatyali-mali banokusebenzisa izixhobo zokuhlalutya imarike ezifana ne-stock screeners, ezivumela abasebenzisi ukuba bahluze izitokhwe ngokusekelwe kwiikhrayitheriya ezifana ne-marketization yemarike, icandelo kunye nokusebenza. Ezi zixhobo zinceda abatyali-mali ukuba bachonge izitokhwe ezithembisayo kwiimarike kunye namacandelo athile. Oovimba beenkcukacha zoqoqosho zikwaxabisekile ekulandeleni izalathisi eziphambili zoqoqosho kunye neendlela zokuhlola ezinokuchaphazela iimarike zamazwe ngamazwe. Ngokuhlalutya le datha, abatyali-mali banokwenza izigqibo ezicwangcisekileyo malunga nokuba zeziphi iimarike eziza kutyala imali kunye nexesha lokungena okanye ukuphuma kwizikhundla.
Uhlalutyo technical inokuba luncedo kubatyali-mali bamazwe ngamazwe. Izixhobo zokutshatha zinceda ukulandelela iintshukumo zamaxabiso zembali kwaye zichonge iipateni ezinokubonisa iintsingiselo zexesha elizayo. Kubatyali-mali abagxile kumathuba exesha elifutshane kwiimarike zamazwe ngamazwe, ezi zixhobo zixabiseke kakhulu kwixesha trades kunye nomngcipheko wokulawula.
Isihlokwana | Amaphuzu aphambili |
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Iindidi ezahlukeneyo zeeMarike zamazwe ngamazwe | Iimarike eziphuhlisiwe zizinzile kodwa zibonelela ngokukhula okuphakathi. Iimarike ezikhulayo zibonelela ngokukhula okuphezulu kunye nokuguquguquka okwandileyo, ngelixa iimarike zemida zibeka umngcipheko omkhulu kodwa zinokubonelela ngembuyekezo ebalulekileyo. |
Imiba ePhambili enefuthe kwiiMarike zaMazwe ngaMazwe | Iimpawu zoqoqosho ezifana nokukhula kwe-GDP kunye nokunyuka kwamaxabiso kuchaphazela ukusebenza kweemarike. Izehlo zezopolitiko kunye nokuguquguquka kwemali kukwachaphazela iziphumo zotyalo-mali. |
UPhando lweeMarike zaMazwe ngaMazwe | Iindaba zemali, izixhobo zokuhlalutya, kunye nogcino-lwazi lwezoqoqosho zibalulekile kuphando lweemarike zamazwe ngamazwe kunye nokwenza izigqibo ezizizo. |
3. Ukukhetha i-Broker yamazwe ngamazwe
Ukukhetha ilungelo broker linyathelo elibalulekileyo xa utyala imali kwizitokhwe zamazwe ngamazwe. A efanelekileyo broker ibonelela ngokufikelela kwiimarike zangaphandle, iququzelela urhwebo olugudileyo, kwaye inikezela ngeenkonzo ezilungiselelwe iimfuno zakho. Noko ke, asingabo bonke brokers ziyafana, kwaye kukho imiba emininzi engundoqo ekufuneka uyiqwalasele xa usenza ukhetho lwakho. Kweli candelo, siza kuphonononga iimpawu ekufuneka sizijonge kumazwe ngamazwe broker, iintlobo ze brokerekhoyo, kunye nendlela yokuphanda nokukhetha eyona ilungileyo broker kuhambo lwakho lotyalo-mali lwamazwe ngamazwe.
3.1 Iimpawu eziphambili ekufuneka ziqwalaselwe kwi-Broker yaMazwe ngaMazwe (Iintlawulo, iiKomishoni, iiPlatifomu)
Xa ukhetha owamazwe ngamazwe broker, kubalulekile ukuvavanya iimpawu ezininzi ezibalulekileyo ezinokuchaphazela amava akho orhwebo kunye nembuyekezo iyonke.
Imirhumo kunye neekhomishini ziphakathi kwezona zinto zibalulekileyo ekufuneka ziqwalaselwe. Yonke broker iintlawulo ezibizwayo, kodwa isakhiwo kunye nemali inokwahluka ngokubanzi. Abanye brokers ukubiza umrhumo othe tyaba nge trade, ngelixa abanye banokuba nemirhumo eguquguqukayo ngokusekelwe kwi trade ubungakanani okanye imarike. Kubalulekile ukuqonda ubume bentlawulo, njengoko iindleko eziphezulu zokurhweba zinokutshabalalisa ngokukhawuleza inzuzo, ngakumbi ukuba uceba trade rhoqo okanye utyala imali kwiimarike ezininzi. Ukongezelela, qaphela imirhumo efihliweyo, njengemirhumo yokuguqula imali, iimali zokurhoxisa, okanye iimali zokungasebenzi, ezinokuchaphazela ngakumbi ukubuyisela kwakho.
Olunye uphawu olubalulekileyo yi iqonga lokurhweba ni kezelwa ngu broker. Iqonga eliyilwe kakuhle kufuneka lisebenziseke lula, likuvumela ukuba ufikelele lula kwiimarike zangaphandle, ubeke iiodolo, kwaye ulawule ipotfoliyo yakho. Kufuneka kwakhona inike izixhobo eziphambili ezifana nophando lwemarike, idatha yexesha langempela, kunye neempawu zetshathi zohlalutyo lobugcisa. Amanye amaqonga abonelela ngofikelelo lweselula, ekuvumela ukuba wenze njalo trade ekuhambeni, nto leyo enokuba luncedo ngakumbi kwixesha lamazwe ngamazwe trades.
Gqi beleni, i uluhlu lweemarike le broker izibonelelo yingqwalasela ebalulekileyo. Akunjalo kwakona brokers ukunika ufikelelo kutshintshiselwano lwezabelo zangaphandle, ngoko ke kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukuba broker inokwenza lula ukurhweba kwiimarike ezinomdla kuwe. Abanye brokers ngokukhethekileyo kwiingingqi ezithile, ngelixa ezinye zibonelela ngofikelelo olubanzi lwehlabathi.
3.2 Iindidi zee-Broker zaMazwe ngaMazwe (kwi-Intanethi, ngeNkonzo ePheleleyo)
Abatyali-mali banokukhetha phakathi kweentlobo ezahlukeneyo zamazwe ngamazwe brokers, kuxhomekeke kukhetho lwabo lwenkonzo kunye neendleko.
online brokers lukhetho oludumileyo lwabatyali-mali abakhetha indlela yokujongana nokurhweba. Ezi brokers zibonelela ngeentlawulo eziphantsi kunye nokufikelela kuluhlu olubanzi lweemarike zamazwe ngamazwe. Kwi-intanethi brokers zilungele abatyali-mali abanamava ekurhwebeni kwaye bafuna ulawulo olungaphezulu kwizigqibo zabo zotyalo-mali. Ubume bokuzimela beqonga le-intanethi livumela abatyali-mali ukuba baphumeze trades ngokukhawuleza nangempumelelo, rhoqo ngeendleko eziphantsi kunenkonzo epheleleyo brokers.
Kwelinye icala, inkonzo epheleleyo brokers zibonelela ngenkonzo ebanzi, equka iingcebiso zotyalo-mali ezizezakho, ulawulo lwepotfoliyo, kunye nophando oluphangaleleyo. Ezi brokers ziluncedo kakhulu kubatyali-mali abatsha kurhwebo lwamazwe ngamazwe okanye abo bakhetha indlela ekhokelwa kakhulu. Inkonzo epheleleyo brokers babiza iintlawulo eziphezulu, kodwa babonelela ngexabiso elongezelelweyo ngohlobo lweengcebiso zeengcali, iingcebiso zerhafu, kunye notyalo-mali olulungiselelwe qhinga. Kubatyali-mali abafuna uncedo kunye nenkxaso yobungcali, inkonzo epheleleyo broker isenokulingana neendleko ezongezelelweyo.
3.3 UPhando kunye nokukhetha i-Broker efanelekileyo
Ukukhetha ilungelo broker kubandakanya uphando olucokisekileyo kunye nokuqwalaselwa ngenyameko kweenjongo zakho zotyalo-mali kunye nesimbo sokurhweba. Ukuqala, kufuneka uvavanye brokers isekelwe kwiifitsha ezichazwe ngaphambili, njengemirhumo, amaqonga, kunye nokufikelela kwimarike. Ukongeza, luluvo olulungileyo ukujonga umsebenzisi ncomo kunye neereyithingi, njengoko ezi zinokubonelela ngokuqonda kumgangatho wenkonzo yabathengi kunye nokuthembeka okupheleleyo kwe broker.
Ummiselo kunye nokhuseleko yeminye imiba ebalulekileyo ekufuneka iqwalaselwe. Qinisekisa i broker ilawulwa ngugunyaziwe ohloniphekileyo kwilizwe labo lokusebenza. Oku kuqinisekisa ukuba utyalo-mali lwakho lukhuselwe phantsi kwemithetho esekiweyo yezemali kwaye broker ibambelela kwimigangatho ephezulu yokusebenza. Njengokuba, brokers e-US inokulawulwa yi-Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), ngelixa abo baseYurophu bangawela phantsi kolawulo lwe-European Securities and Markets Authority (ESMA). A brokerUbume bolawulo bunokuqinisekiswa ngokujonga kugunyaziwe wemali ofanelekileyo.
Kufuneka kwakhona uvavanye i uxhaso lwabathengi ni kezelwa ngu broker. Kuba uza kuba wenza utyalo-mali kwiimarike zamazwe ngamazwe, kubalulekile ukuba ube nokufikelela kwinkonzo yabathengi ethembekileyo nesabelayo enokukunceda ngayo nayiphi na imiba enokuthi ivele. Cinga ukuba ngaba i broker ibonelela ngenkxaso ngolwimi olukhethileyo kunye namajelo amaninzi, anjengefowuni, i-imeyile, kunye nencoko ephilayo.
Ekugqibeleni, vavanya i broker's ukusebenza kweqonga ngaphambi kokwenza. Uninzi kwi-intanethi brokers zibonelela ngeeakhawunti zedemo okanye amaxesha ovavanyo apho unokuziqhelanisa nojongano lwabo lorhwebo. Oku kunokukunceda uqinisekise ukuba iqonga lihlangabezana neemfuno zakho ngokubhekiselele ekusebenziseni, izixhobo kunye nesantya.
Isihlokwana | Amaphuzu aphambili |
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Iimpawu eziphambili ekufuneka ziqwalaselwe kwi-Broker yamazwe ngamazwe | Iimpawu ezibalulekileyo ziquka iifizi, iikhomishini, ukusetyenziswa kweqonga, kunye nokufikelela kwiimarike zamazwe ngamazwe. Imirhumo efihliweyo kufuneka iqwalaselwe ngononophelo. |
Iindidi zee-Broker zamazwe ngamazwe | online brokers zingabizi kwaye zibonelela ngokurhweba okuziqondisayo, ngelixa inkonzo epheleleyo brokers ibonelela ngeengcebiso ezizezakho kodwa iza nemirhumo ephezulu. |
Ukuphanda kunye nokukhetha i-Broker efanelekileyo | Ukuvavanya brokers ibandakanya ukujonga ummiselo, ukhuseleko, ukusebenza kweqonga, kunye nomgangatho wenkonzo yomxhasi ukuqinisekisa ukufaneleka kakuhle kwiimfuno zakho zorhwebo. |
4. Ukwakha iPotfoliyo yaMazwe ngaMazwe
Ukwakha ipotifoliyo yamazwe ngamazwe eyohlukeneyo kubalulekile ekuphumezeni impumelelo yotyalo-mali lwexesha elide ngelixa ulawula umngcipheko. Ipotfoliyo yamazwe ngamazwe ivumela abatyali-mali ukuba baxhamle kumathuba okukhula kwehlabathi kwaye ibonelela ngokhuseleko ekuthotyweni kwayo nayiphi na imarike enye. Kweli candelo, siza kuxoxa ngezicwangciso zokwahluka, isigqibo phakathi kokukhetha isitokhwe somntu ngamnye ngokuchasene nokusetyenziswa utshintsho-traded imali (ETFs) okanye funds mutual, kwaye iyasebenza ulawulo lwengozi ubuchule bokukhusela utyalo-mali lwakho.
4.1 UBuchule bokuHlanganisa (iJografi, iCandelo, udidi lwe-Asethi)
Ukwahluka lilitye lembombo lokwakha ipotifoliyo eyomeleleyo yamazwe ngamazwe. Injongo yokwahluka kukusasaza utyalo-mali kwimimandla eyahlukeneyo, amacandelo, kunye neeklasi ze-asethi ukunciphisa umngcipheko kunye nokunciphisa impembelelo yeziganeko ezimbi kuyo nayiphi na indawo enye.
Ukwahluka ngokwejografi ibandakanya ukusasaza utyalo-mali kumazwe nemimandla eyahlukeneyo. Ngotyalo-mali kwiindawo ezininzi zejografi, abatyali-mali banokuwunciphisa umngcipheko onxulumene nokungazinzi kwezoqoqosho okanye kwezopolitiko kulo naliphi na ilizwe elinye. Ngokomzekelo, umtyalo-mali unokubamba izitokhwe ezisuka kuMntla Melika, eYurophu, naseAsia ukulinganisa ukuvezwa kuzo zombini iimarike eziphuhlileyo kunye nezikhulayo. Ukwahluka ngokwejografi kunokunceda ngaphandle kwembuyekezo kuba iingingqi ezahlukeneyo zihlala zisebenza ngokwahlukileyo ngokusekelwe kwiimeko zoqoqosho zasekhaya.
Ukwahluka kwecandelo sesinye isicwangciso esibalulekileyo. Amacandelo ahlukeneyo ezoqoqosho—njengeteknoloji, ezempilo, imali, namandla—anokuchatshazelwa zizinto ezahlukeneyo. Ngokomzekelo, izitokhwe zetekhnoloji zinokukhula ngamaxesha okutsha, ngelixa izitokhwe zamandla zinokuchaphazeleka ngakumbi kwiinguqu kumaxabiso eoli. Ngotyalo-mali kumacandelo amaninzi, abatyali-mali banokuzikhusela ekwehleni kulo naliphi na ishishini elinye. Le ndlela yokusebenza iqinisekisa ukuba ipotifoliyo inokuxhamla kuhlumo kumacandelo ngamacandelo oqoqosho lwehlabathi.
Gqi beleni, ulwahlulo lwee-asethi ibandakanya ukusasaza utyalo-mali kuzo zonke iindidi zee-asethi, ezifana nezitokhwe, amabhondi, Iimpahla, okanye izindlu ezithengiswayo. Ngelixa izitokhwe zibalulekile ekukhuleni, iibhondi kunye nezinye ii-asethi zinokunika uzinzo kunye nengeniso, ngakumbi ngamaxesha okuguquguquka kweemarike. Ipotfoliyo eyohlukeneyo equka iindidi ezininzi ze-asethi ingenza ngcono ukuguquguquka kweemarike zemozulu kwaye inike imbuyekezo engaguqukiyo ekuhambeni kwexesha.
4.2 Ukukhetha izabelo ezizimeleyo okanye ukusebenzisa ii-ETF/iiNgxowa-mali ezifanayo
Xa kusakhiwa ipotifoliyo yamazwe ngamazwe, abatyali-mali kufuneka bagqibe ekubeni batyale imali ngokuthe ngqo kwisitokhwe ngasinye okanye basebenzise izithuthi zotyalo-mali ezidityanisiweyo ezifana nee-ETF okanye iingxowa-mali ezihlangeneyo. Indlela nganye inentengiso yayovantages kunye neengqwalasela.
Utyalo-mali kwizitokhwe zomntu ngamnye ibonelela abatyali-mali ngolawulo oluthe kratya kunye nokukwazi ukujolisa kwiinkampani ezithile abakholelwa ukuba ziya kugqitha. Ngokomzekelo, ukuba umtyalo-mali unolwazi olunzulu lwenkampani ethile yangaphandle okanye ishishini, banokukhetha ukutyalomali ngokuthe ngqo kweso sitokhwe. Nangona kunjalo, ukutyalomali kwisitokhwe ngasinye kufuna uphando olubalulekileyo kunye nokuqonda okuqinileyo kweemarike apho iinkampani zisebenza khona. Le ndlela ikwathwala umngcipheko ophezulu, njengoko ukusebenza kakubi ukusuka kwisitokhwe esinye kunokuchaphazela kakhulu ipotifoliyo iyonke.
Ngenye indlela, Ii-ETF kunye neengxowa-mali ezifanayo zibonelela ngendlela efanelekileyo neyohlukeneyo yokutyala imali kwiimarike zamazwe ngamazwe. Ii-ETF zithandwa kakhulu ngenxa yokuba zibonelela ngebhasikithi yesitokhwe kumazwe ahlukeneyo, amacandelo, okanye imimandla. Abatyali-zimali banokukhetha kuluhlu olubanzi lwee-ETF ezilandelela izalathisi ezithile, imimandla (umz., iimarike zaseYurophu okanye zaseAsia), okanye amacandelo (umzekelo, iteknoloji okanye amandla). Iimali ezihlangeneyo zisebenza ngokufanayo kodwa zilawulwa ngokusebenzayo ngabasebenzi abakhetha izitokhwe ngaphakathi kwengxowa-mali. Inzuzo yezi zithuthi zotyalo-mali zidityanisiwe kukuba ngokuzenzekelayo zibonelela ngezinto ezahlukeneyo, zinciphisa umngcipheko onxulumene notyalo-mali kwiinkampani ezizimeleyo. Ngaphezu koko, ii-ETF kunye neengxowa-mali ezidibeneyo zinemirhumo ephantsi xa kuthelekiswa neendleko zokuthenga amasheya amaninzi.
Ukhetho phakathi kwee-stocks kunye nee-ETF okanye iingxowa-mali ezihlangeneyo zixhomekeke kulwazi lomtyali-mali, ukuzinikela kwexesha kunye nokunyamezela umngcipheko. Abatyali-mali abakhetha indlela yokwenza izandla banokuthanda isitokhwe ngabanye, ngelixa abo bafuna ukulula kunye nokwahlukana okubanzi banokukhetha ii-ETF okanye iingxowa-mali ezifanayo.
4.3 IiNdlela zokuSebenza zoLawulo loMngcipheko (iMiyalelo yokuNqanda iLahleko, ukuHeji)
Ukulawula umngcipheko kubalulekile xa utyala imali kwiimarike zamazwe ngamazwe, apho ukuguquguquka kunokuba phezulu ngenxa yezinto ezifana nokuguquguquka kwemali, ukungazinzi kwezopolitiko, kunye nokungaqiniseki kwezoqoqosho. Ukukhusela iipotfoliyo zabo, abatyali-mali banokusebenzisa iindlela ezininzi zokulawula umngcipheko.
Ukuyeka ukulahleka odolo sisixhobo esiqhelekileyo esisetyenziselwa ukunciphisa ilahleko enokwenzeka. Ngomyalelo wokulahlekelwa kokuyeka, umtyalo-mali ubeka ixabiso elimiselweyo apho isitokethi siya kuthengiswa ngokuzenzekelayo xa sihla ngaphantsi kwelo nqanaba. Oku kunceda abatyali-mali banciphise ilahleko ngaphandle kokuhlala esweni imarike. Ngokomzekelo, ukuba umtyalo-mali uthenga isitokethi kwi-50 yeedola, unokuseta umyalelo wokulahleka kokuyeka kwi-45 yeedola ukukhusela isitokhwe ukuba singaweli ngakumbi ngaphandle kokuthatha isenzo. Imiyalelo yokuyeka ilahleko iluncedo kakhulu kwiimarike zamazwe ngamazwe, apho iziganeko zequbuliso zelizwe okanye ukothuka kwezoqoqosho kunokuthi kubangele ukuguquguquka okubalulekileyo kwamaxabiso.
Ukuhlamba sesinye isicwangciso esisetyenziselwa ukukhusela kumngcipheko, ngakumbi kwiimarike zamazwe ngamazwe apho ukuguquguquka kwemali kunokuchaphazela imbuyekezo. Abatyali-mali banako kwinqaba umngcipheko wabo wemali ngokusebenzisa izixhobo zemali ezifana nekamva lwemali okanye iinketho zokutshixa kumazinga otshintshiselwano. Oku kuqinisekisa ukuba nokuba imali yangaphandle iyehla, ixabiso lotyalo-mali aliyi kuchaphazeleka kakubi xa liguqulelwa kwimali yasekhaya yomtyali-mali. Ngelixa i-hedging yongeza iindleko ezongezelelweyo, inokuba yindlela esebenzayo yokulawula umngcipheko ohambelana nokuhamba kwemali.
Olunye uhlobo lolawulo lomngcipheko kukugcina uhlengahlengiso lwepotfoliyo efanelekileyo. Njengoko izitokhwe zamazwe ngamazwe ziguquguquka ngokwexabiso, ipotifoliyo inokuba nkulu kakhulu kwimimandla okanye kumacandelo athile. Ukuhlaziya ipotifoliyo rhoqo kuqinisekisa ukuba ihlala ihambelana neqhinga lokuqala lomtyali-mali lokwahluka kunye nokunyamezela umngcipheko. Ngokuthengisa ii-asethi ezisebenza ngokugqithisileyo kunye nokuphinda utyale imali kwizinto ezingenasisindo esiphantsi, abatyali-mali banokugcina ibhalansi efunekayo kwiipotifoliyo zabo.
Isihlokwana | Amaphuzu aphambili |
---|---|
Iintlobo-ntlobo zezicwangciso | Ijografi, icandelo, kunye nolwahlulo lweklasi ye-asethi kunceda ekusasazeni umngcipheko kunye nokuvezwa kolungelelwaniso kwiimarike ezininzi kunye namashishini. |
Ukukhetha Izabelo zoMnye okanye Ukusebenzisa ii-ETF/iiNgxowa-mali ezihlangeneyo | Izitokhwe zomntu ngamnye zibonelela ngolawulo kodwa ziza nomngcipheko ophezulu. Ii-ETF kunye neengxowa-mali ezihlangeneyo zibonelela ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo ezizenzekelayo kwaye zihlala zilungele ukuvezwa kweemarike ngokubanzi. |
Iindlela zoLawulo loMngcipheko | Umngcipheko unokulawulwa ngemiyalelo yelahleko yokuyeka, umngcipheko wemali ekhuselayo, kunye nokulungelelaniswa kwepotfoliyo rhoqo ukugcina iyantlukwano kunye nokunciphisa ilahleko enokwenzeka. |
6. Utyalo-mali kwiiMpahla zaMazwe ngaMazwe
Utyalo-mali kwii-stocks zamazwe ngamazwe lufuna ukuqonda indlela yokukhangela imiba esebenzayo yokurhweba kwiimarike zangaphandle. Oku kuquka ukuvula i-international brokerakhawunti yobudala, ukubeka iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zeeodolo, kunye nokubeka iliso rhoqo kunye nokulawula ipotfoliyo yakho. Inyathelo ngalinye kula lidlala indima ebalulekileyo ekuqinisekiseni amava otyalo-mali angenamagingxi-gingxi nanempumelelo. Kweli candelo, sizakungena kule miba ingundoqo ukukukhokela kwinkqubo yokutyala imali kwizitokhwe zamazwe ngamazwe.
6.1 Ukuvulwa kweAkhawunti yoRhwebo yeHlabathi
Ngaphambi kokuba uqalise ukutyala imali kwizitokhwe zamazwe ngamazwe, kufuneka uvule iakhawunti nge broker enika ufikelelo kwiimarike zangaphandle. Ukukhetha okulungileyo broker, njengoko kuxoxiwe kumacandelo angaphambili, ibalulekile kuba ayingabo bonke brokers ibonelela ngenqanaba elifanayo lofikelelo kutshintshiselwano ngezabelo zamazwe ngamazwe. Xa ukhetha i broker, qinisekisa ukuba bavumela ukurhweba kwiimarike ezithile onomdla kuzo, nokuba ziphuhlisiwe iimarike ezifana neYurophu neJapan okanye iimarike ezivelayo njengeBrazil neIndiya.
Inkqubo yokuvula i-international brokerI-akhawunti yobudala ifana nokuvula yasekhaya, kodwa inokubandakanya amanyathelo ongezelelweyo ngenxa yobunzima bemimiselo yamazwe ngamazwe. Ngokuqhelekileyo, kuya kufuneka unikezele ngesazisi somntu kunye nolwazi lwezemali, njengobungqina bengeniso okanye ukuhlala kwerhafu. Abanye brokerIsenokufuna ukuba ugcwalise iifomu ezongezelelweyo ezinxulumene nezivumelwano zerhafu phakathi kwelizwe lakho kunye nelizwe langaphandle apho uceba ukutyala imali.
Ukongezelela, abatyali-mali kufuneka baqaphele iinkqubo zokuguqulwa kwemali, njengoko abaninzi brokers iya kukuvumela ukuba ubambe imali yangaphandle kwi-akhawunti yakho trade ngeemali zendawo. Ukuqonda indlela yakho broker iphatha uguqulo lwemali kunye nemirhumo ehambelana nayo inokukunceda ukuba ulongeze utyalo-mali lwakho kwaye uphephe iindleko ezingeyomfuneko.
6.2 Ukufaka iiodolo (Thenga, Thengisa, uMda, iMarike)
Nje ukuba iakhawunti yakho imiselwe, ukubeka iiodolo linyathelo elilandelayo ekuthengeni nasekuthengiseni izitokhwe zamazwe ngamazwe. Ukuqhelana neentlobo ezahlukeneyo zee-odolo kunokukunceda ukuba ulawule utyalo-mali lwakho ngokufanelekileyo.
A umyalelo wemarike lolona hlobo luthe ngqo lomyalelo. Ikuvumela ukuba uthenge okanye uthengise isitokhwe kwixabiso lemarike yangoku. Ngelixa imiyalelo yemarike iqinisekisa ukwenziwa kwe trade, ixabiso olifumanayo lisenokuguquguquka, ngakumbi kwiimarike eziguquguqukayo zamazwe ngamazwe. Ii-odolo zentengiso zifanelekile xa ubeka phambili isantya sokwenza ngaphezu kwexabiso.
Ngokwahlukileyo koko, a umyalelo wokunciphisa ikuvumela ukuba ubeke ixabiso elithile apho uzimisele ukuthenga okanye ukuthengisa isitokhwe. Olu hlobo lomyalelo lubonelela ngolawulo ngakumbi kwintengiselwano, njengoko umyalelo uya kuqhuba kuphela xa isitokethi sifikelela kwixabiso elifunekayo. Nangona kunjalo, akukho siqinisekiso sokuba umyalelo uya kuzaliswa ukuba ixabiso lesitokhwe alifaki umda wakho. Iiodolo zomda ziluncedo kakhulu kwiimarike zamazwe ngamazwe apho ukuhla kwamaxabiso kunokubonakala ngakumbi ngenxa yeemeko zangaphandle ezifana neziganeko ze-geopolitical okanye iintshukumo zotshintshiselwano.
Kubatyali-mali abafuna ukulawula umngcipheko, ukumisa ilahleko ingasetyenziselwa ukuthengisa isitokhwe ngokuzenzekelayo xa ihla kwixabiso elithile, inceda ukunciphisa ilahleko. Oku kuluncedo ngakumbi kwiimarike zamazwe ngamazwe apho iindaba ezivela kwamanye amazwe zinokukhokelela ekuhambeni kweemarike ngokukhawuleza.
Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba iiyure zokurhweba ziyahluka kwiimarike zamazwe ngamazwe. Ngokungafaniyo neemarike zasekhaya, apho iiyure zokurhweba ziqhelekile kwaye ziqikelelwa, utshintshiselwano lwamazwe ngamazwe lusebenza kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zexesha. Oku kufuna ukuba abatyali-mali baqaphele xa bebeka ii-odolo zabo, ngakumbi ukuba bathembele kumda okanye i-stop-loss order orders, ezinokuchatshazelwa kukuvulwa kweemarike kunye namaxesha okuvalwa.
6.3 Ukubeka iliso kunye nokulawula iPotfoliyo Yakho
Nje ukuba utyale imali kwizitokhwe zamazwe ngamazwe, ukujonga okusebenzayo kunye nolawulo lwepotfoliyo yakho kubalulekile kwimpumelelo yexesha elide. Iimarike zamazwe ngamazwe ziphenjelelwa luluhlu lwemiba, kubandakanywa ukuguquguquka kwemali, uphuhliso lwemo yezopolitiko, kunye neziganeko zoqoqosho, zonke ezinokuthi zibe nempembelelo enkulu ekusebenzeni kwepotfoliyo yakho. Ke ngoko, ukuhlala unolwazi malunga neentsingiselo zehlabathi kunye neendaba kubalulekile.
Omnye umba ophambili wokulawula ipotfoliyo yamazwe ngamazwe kukubeka iliso kumazinga otshintshiselwano lwemali. Ekubeni izitokhwe zamazwe ngamazwe zixatyiswe kwiimali zamazwe angaphandle, ixabiso lotyalo-mali lwakho linokutshintsha ngokusekelwe kwindlela ezisebenza ngayo ezi mali ngokumalunga nemali yakho yasekhaya. Ukujonga rhoqo amaxabiso otshintshiselwano kunye nokuqonda impembelelo enokubakho kwimbuyekezo yakho kuya kukunceda ulawule umngcipheko wemali ngokufanelekileyo.
Ukongeza, ukujonga imeko yezopolitiko nezoqoqosho kumazwe otyale kuwo imali kubalulekile. Utshintsho kumgaqo-nkqubo karhulumente, utshintsho kumazwe ngamazwe trade izivumelwano, okanye ebezingalindelekanga iziganeko zopolitiko konke kunokuchaphazela uvakalelo lwemarike kunye namaxabiso esitokhwe. Abatyali-mali abahlala benolwazi kwaye basebenze kwiindaba ezifanelekileyo bakwimeko engcono yokulawula umngcipheko kwaye basebenzise amathuba.
Ukuhlengahlengisa ipotifoliyo yakho yenye inxalenye ebalulekileyo yolawulo lwepotfoliyo. Ngokuhamba kwexesha, ixabiso lezitokhwe okanye amacandelo athile anokukhula ngokungafaniyo, okubangela ukuba ipotifoliyo yakho ibe nokutyeba kakhulu kwiindawo ezithile. Ukuhlengahlengiswa rhoqo kuqinisekisa ukuba utyalo-mali lwakho luhlala luhambelana nesicwangciso sakho sokuqala kunye nokunyamezela umngcipheko. Umzekelo, ukuba ipotifoliyo yakho iba nomthwalo onzima kwicala elinye okanye icandelo, ukuhlengahlengisa kukuvumela ukuba uthathe inzuzo kwizitokhwe ezisebenza ngokugqithisileyo kwaye utyale kwakhona kwiindawo ezingamelwanga ngokwaneleyo ukuze ugcine ukwahluka.
Okokugqibela, kubalulekile ukuphonononga ukusebenza kwesitokhwe ngasinye kwipotfoliyo yakho yamazwe ngamazwe ngamaxesha athile. Ukuba izitokhwe okanye iimarike ezithile zisebenza ngaphantsi okanye ukuba uqoqosho lwelizwe elithile luyatshintsha, unokufuna ukulungelelanisa ukugcinwa kwakho ukuze ulungelelanise kakuhle neenjongo zakho zotyalo-mali.
Isihlokwana | Amaphuzu aphambili |
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Ukuvula iAkhawunti yoRhwebo yeHlabathi | Ukuvula iakhawunti kubandakanya ukukhetha a broker ngokufikelela kwiimarike zangaphandle, ukubonelela ngamaxwebhu ezazisi, kunye nokuqonda uguqulo lwemali. |
Ukubeka iiodolo | Imiyalelo yeemarike ibeka phambili isantya, imiyalelo yokukhawulela inika ulawulo lwamaxabiso, kunye nemiyalelo yokuyeka ilahleko inceda ukulawula umngcipheko. Qwalasela imimandla yexesha lamazwe ngamazwe xa urhweba. |
Ukubeka iliso kunye nokulawula iPotfoliyo yakho | Ukubeka iliso okusebenzayo kumazinga otshintshiselwano, iziganeko ze-geopolitical, kunye neemeko zemarike zibalulekile. Ukuhlengahlengiswa kwepotfoliyo rhoqo kugcina ukwahluka. |
7. IiMpembelelo zeRhafu zoTyalo-mali lwaMazwe ngaMazwe
Utyalo-mali kwizitokhwe zamazwe ngamazwe lunokubonelela ngamathuba amaninzi, kodwa lukwazisa noluhlu lweengqwalasela zerhafu ezahlukileyo kwezo zinxulumene notyalo-mali lwasekhaya. Ukuqonda ezi mpembelelo zerhafu kubalulekile ekwandiseni imbuyekezo kunye nokuqinisekisa ukuthotyelwa kwemithetho yerhafu yamazwe ngamazwe. Kweli candelo, siza kuphonononga iikhredithi zerhafu zangaphandle, iirhafu zenzuzo enkulu, kunye nezivumelwano zerhafu ezinokuchaphazela abatyali-mali abaphethe ii-asethi zamazwe ngamazwe.
7.1 IiKhredithi zeRhafu yaNgaphandle
Xa utyalo-mali kwii-stocks zamazwe ngamazwe, abatyali-mali abaninzi bajongene nomcimbi we irhafu ephindwe kabini, apho ilizwe langaphandle kunye nelizwe lasekhaya lomtyali-mali linyanzelisa irhafu kwingeniso efanayo. Umzekelo, ukuba ufumana izabelo kwinkampani yangaphandle, ilizwe apho inkampani izinze khona linokubamba ipesenti yesahlulo njengerhafu. Nangona kunjalo, unokuba noxanduva lokuhlawula irhafu kulo mvuzo kwilizwe lakho.
Ukunciphisa lo mthwalo, amazwe amaninzi anikezela iikhredithi zerhafu zangaphandle. Ikhredithi yerhafu yangaphandle ikuvumela ukuba uhlawule irhafu oyihlawule kurhulumente wangaphandle ngokuchasene neerhafu ozibamba ekhaya kumvuzo ofanayo. Eli tyala linokunciphisa okanye liphelise irhafu ephindwe kabini, nto leyo eyenza kube lula kubatyali-mali ukuba babambe ii-asethi zamazwe ngamazwe ngaphandle kokurhafiswa ngokugqithisileyo. Isixa setyala onokuthi ubange ngalo sihlala sixhomekeke kwisivumelwano serhafu (ukuba sikhona) phakathi kwelizwe lakho nelizwe langaphandle.
Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba iikhredithi zerhafu azizenzekeli. Abatyalo-mali kufuneka bagcine iirekhodi ezichanekileyo zeerhafu ezihlawulwe kwilizwe langaphandle kwaye bafake iifom ezifanelekileyo kunye namagunya abo erhafu yasekhaya ukuba bafune ikhredithi. Kwezinye iimeko, ikhredithi yerhafu yangaphandle inokusebenza kuphela kwiintlobo ezithile zengeniso, ezifana nezahlulo, hayi kwiinzuzo ezinkulu.
7.2 IiRhafu zeNgeniso yeNkunzi
Iirhafu zenzuzo enkulu zisebenza kwingeniso oyenzayo ngokuthengisa utyalo-mali, kuquka isitokhwe samazwe ngamazwe. Amaxabiso erhafu yeenzuzo ezinkulu anokwahluka ngokuxhomekeke ekubeni uyibambe ixesha elingakanani i-asethi kunye nelizwe otyala kulo.
Kumazwe amaninzi, kuquka iUnited States, inzuzo eyinkunzi irhafiswa ngamaxabiso ahlukeneyo ngokuxhomekeke ekubeni i-asethi ibibanjwe ixesha elifutshane okanye elide. Iinzuzo ezinkulu zexesha elifutshane faka isicelo kwii-asethi ezigcinwe ixesha elingaphantsi konyaka kwaye zirhafiswa ngokomlinganiselo werhafu yengeniso yomtyali. Iinzuzo ezinkulu zexesha elide, ezisebenza kwii-asethi ezigcinwe ngaphezu konyaka, zidla ngokurhafiswa ngexabiso eliphantsi.
Kutyalo-mali lwamazwe ngamazwe, ukurhafiswa kweenzuzo ezinkulu kunokuphenjelelwa yimithetho yelizwe apho isitokhwe zidweliswe khona. Amanye amazwe akahlawulisi iinzuzo zenkunzi konke konke, ngelixa amanye ebeka irhafu ebalulekileyo kubatyali-zimali bangaphandle. Kubalulekile ukuba wazi yomibini imithetho yerhafu yangaphakathi neyangaphandle malunga nenzuzo eyinkunzi, njengoko oku kunokuchaphazela yonke inzuzo yotyalo-mali lwakho lwamazwe ngamazwe.
Ukongeza, amanye amazwe anokufuna ukuba unike ingxelo ngenzuzo eyinkunzi ngokwahlukileyo komnye umvuzo, ngelixa amanye enokurhafisa inzuzo eyinkunzi njengenxalenye yomvuzo uwonke. Abatyali-mali kufuneka badibane nabacebisi berhafu okanye basebenzise isoftware yerhafu ethembekileyo ukuze baqinisekise ukuthotyelwa kwemithetho eyahluka-hlukeneyo esebenza kwiintengiselwano zamazwe ngamazwe.
7.3 Izivumelwano zeRhafu
Izivumelwano zerhafu zizivumelwano phakathi kwamazwe amabini ezijolise ekunciphiseni umthwalo wokurhafiswa kabini kutyalo-mali olunqumla imida. Ezi zivumelwano zinokuba nefuthe elibonakalayo kwindlela ingeniso yamazwe angaphandle, izabelo, kunye neenzuzo ezinkulu ezirhafiswa ngayo, nto leyo edla ngokukhokelela kumaxabiso aphantsi erhafu okanye ukukhululwa.
Inzuzo ephambili yezivumelwano zerhafu yinto enokwenzeka irhafu ethotyiweyo yokubamba kwizabelo nenzala. Ngaphandle kwesivumelwano serhafu, urhulumente wangaphandle angabamba ipesenti ephezulu yomvuzo womtyali-mali. Umzekelo, ngaphandle kwesivumelwano, ilizwe lingabeka i-30% yokubamba irhafu kwizabelo ezihlawulwe kubatyali-zimali bangaphandle. Nangona kunjalo, ngesivumelwano esikhoyo, lo mlinganiselo unokuthotywa ukuya kwi-15% okanye ngaphantsi. Oku kunokukhokelela kulondolozo olukhulu lwabatyali-mali.
Omnye umba wezivumelwano zerhafu ukuphepha ukurhafiswa kabini. Izivumelwano ezininzi zibandakanya amalungiselelo aqinisekisa ukuba ingeniso erhafiswa kwilizwe langaphandle ayiphinda irhafiswe lilizwe lomtyali-mali, okanye ukuba kunjalo, irhafu ehlawulwe kumazwe angaphandle inokufakwa kwityala lerhafu yangaphakathi. Oku kunceda abatyali-mali bagcine imbuyekezo eninzi evela kutyalo-mali lwamazwe ngamazwe.
Isivumelwano serhafu ngasinye sahlukile, kwaye imigaqo iyahluka ngokubanzi ngokuxhomekeke kumazwe abandakanyekayo. Kubalulekile ukuba abatyali-mali baqonde isivumelwano phakathi kwelizwe labo kunye namazwe apho batyala khona. Ukuqonda ngokucokisekileyo izivumelwano zerhafu kunokunceda abatyali-mali bacwangcise utyalo-mali lwabo ngokufanelekileyo kwaye banciphise umthwalo wabo werhafu uwonke.
Isihlokwana | Amaphuzu aphambili |
---|---|
IiKhredithi zeRhafu zaNgaphandle | Iikhredithi zerhafu zamazwe angaphandle zinceda ukuhlawulela iirhafu ezihlawulwa koorhulumente bamazwe angaphandle ngokuchasene namatyala erhafu yasekhaya, ukunciphisa impembelelo yerhafu ephindwe kabini. |
IiRhafu zeenzuzo zeNkunzi | Iirhafu zenzuzo enkulu zisebenza kwingeniso evela ekuthengiseni izitokhwe zamazwe ngamazwe. Iirhafu zerhafu ziyahluka ngexesha kunye nelizwe, kwaye imithetho iyahluka ngokomthetho. |
Izivumelwano zeRhafu | Izivumelwano zerhafu phakathi kwamazwe zinciphisa ukubanjwa kweerhafu kwaye zithintele ukurhafiswa kabini, ukuvumela ukuphathwa kwerhafu okulungileyo kutyalo-mali lwamazwe ngamazwe. |
8. Imingcipheko kunye neMvuzo yoTyalo-mali lwamazwe ngamazwe
Utyalo-mali kwizitokhwe zamazwe ngamazwe lunika amandla okuba nembuyekezo ebalulekileyo, kodwa kwakhona kuza nemingcipheko ekhethekileyo ekufuneka abatyali-mali bayiqonde kwaye bayilawule. Ngokuphonononga le mingcipheko kunye nemivuzo, abatyali-mali banokwenza izigqibo ezinolwazi malunga nokuba kungakanani ukuvezwa kwiimarike zamazwe ngamazwe ezifanelekileyo kwiipotfoliyo zabo. Kweli candelo, siza kuphonononga imingcipheko ephambili efana nomngcipheko wotshintshiselwano lwemali kunye nokungazinzi kwezopolitiko/kwezoqoqosho, kunye nembuyekezo enokubakho njengembuyekezo ephezulu kunye nokwanda kokwahluka.
8.1 UMngcipheko wokuTshintshana ngemali
Enye yeengozi eziphambili ezinxulumene notyalo-mali lwamazwe ngamazwe umngcipheko wotshintshiselwano lwemali, okwenzeka xa ukuguquguquka kumaxabiso otshintshiselwano kuchaphazela ixabiso lezinto ezigcinwe ngumtyali-mali. Xa utyala imali kwii-stocks zamazwe ngamazwe, ixabiso lotyalo-mali lwakho alixhomekeke kuphela kwixabiso lesitokhwe kodwa nakwixabiso lemali yangaphandle apho isitokhwe silawulwa khona.
Umzekelo, ukuba utyala imali kwi-stock yaseYurophu kwaye i-euro iyancipha kwimali yekhaya lakho, ixabiso lotyalo-mali lwakho linokwehla nokuba isitokhwe ngokwaso sizuze ixabiso. Kwelinye icala, ukuba imali yelizwe langaphandle iyomelela, imbuyekezo yakho inokwandiswa xa iguqulwa ibe yimali yasekhaya.
Amaxabiso otshintshiselwano ngemali anokuguquguquka kwaye aphenjelelwe zizinto ezifana notshintsho kwizinga lenzala, izinga lokunyuka kwamaxabiso, trade ibhalansi, kunye neziganeko ze-geopolitical. Abatyali-mali kufuneka babeke iliso kwiintsingiselo zemali kwaye baqwalasele amaqhinga afana ne-currency hedging ukulawula lo mngcipheko. Ukukhusela kubandakanya ukusebenzisa izixhobo zemali ezifana neekhontrakthi zangaphambili okanye ukhetho lokutshixa kumaxabiso otshintshiselwano, ukunciphisa ifuthe lokuguquguquka kwemali kwimbuyekezo yotyalo-mali.
8.2 Umngcipheko wezoPolitiko noQoqosho
Umngcipheko wezopolitiko kunye noqoqosho ibhekisa kutshintsho olunokwenzeka kwimeko yezopolitiko yelizwe okanye impilo yezoqoqosho ukuba ibe nefuthe elibi kutyalo-mali. Iimarike zamazwe ngamazwe, ingakumbi kumazwe asakhasayo kunye noqoqosho olusemdeni, zihlala zisemngciphekweni wolu hlobo lomngcipheko kuneemarike eziphuhlileyo.
Ukungazinzi kwezobupolitika, njengokutshintsha koorhulumente, ukutshintsha kwemigaqo-nkqubo, okanye uqhushululu lwasekuhlaleni, kusenokubangela ukungaqiniseki kwiimarike zezimali zelizwe. Ngokomzekelo, utshintsho ngokukhawuleza trade umgaqo-nkqubo okanye ukumiselwa kwemirhumo kungonakalisa inzuzo yeenkampani ezithembele kumazwe ngamazwe trade. Ngokufanayo, ukwenziwa kwemizi-mveliso kuzwelonke okanye utshintsho kwiinkqubo zolawulo kunokukhokelela kwilahleko kubatyali-mali bangaphandle.
Umngcipheko wezoqoqosho uquka izinto ezifana nokunyuka kwamaxabiso, ukunyuka kwezinga lenzala, kunye nokwehla kwamandla emali. Izinga eliphezulu lokunyuka kwamaxabiso kwilizwe langaphandle linokutshabalalisa amandla okuthenga kwaye linciphise imbuyekezo yokwenene kutyalo-mali. Ukongeza, ukudodobala koqoqosho kwilizwe apho utyale imali kunokukhokelela ekwehleni kwamaxabiso esitokhwe kunye neenzuzo zenkampani.
Ukunciphisa imingcipheko yezopolitiko nezoqoqosho, abatyali-zimali kufuneka bahlukane kumazwe amaninzi nakwimimandla, begxile kuqoqosho olunolawulo oluzinzileyo kunye neziseko zoqoqosho ezivakalayo. Ukuhlala unolwazi malunga nophuhliso lwezopolitiko zehlabathi kunye nokubeka iliso kwizalathi zoqoqosho kunokunceda abatyali-mali balindele kwaye baphendule kwiinguqu ezinokuchaphazela utyalo-mali lwabo lwamazwe ngamazwe.
8.3 Ukubanakho ukuBuyisa okuPhezulu
Ngaphandle kwemingcipheko, utyalo-mali kwizitokhwe zamazwe ngamazwe lunika ithuba lokuba imbuyekezo ephezulu, ngakumbi kwiimarike ezisakhulayo nakwimida. Ezi marike zihlala zikhula ngokukhawuleza kunoqoqosho oluphuhlileyo ngenxa yezinto ezifana nokukhula kwabemi, ukukhula kwemizi-mveliso, kunye nenkqubela phambili yobuchwepheshe.
Iimalike ezisahlumayo, umzekelo, zinokubonisa amathuba okukhula ngokukhawuleza njengoko amazwe ephuhlisa iziseko zophuhliso, ekhulisa amashishini, kwaye edibanisa nzulu kuqoqosho lwehlabathi. Iinkampani kwezi marike zinokukhula ngesantya esikhawulezayo kunabalingane babo kuqoqosho oluphuhlileyo, okukhokelela kumaxabiso aphezulu esitokhwe kunye nokunyuka kwembuyekezo yabatyali-mali.
Iimarike zeFrontier, nangona zinobungozi, zinokubonelela ngamathemba okukhula amangalisayo. Olu qoqosho luhlala lukwinqanaba lokuqala lophuhliso, nto leyo ethetha ukuba amashishini asebenza kwiimarike ezisemagqagaleni anokuzuza kwiimfuno zabathengi ezingaphunyezwanga, ukhuphiswano olunyiniweyo, kunye nemigaqo-nkqubo karhulumente efanelekileyo ejolise ekutsaleni utyalo-mali lwangaphandle.
Nangona kunjalo, ngokunokwenzeka kwembuyekezo ephezulu kuza ukwanda kokuguquguquka kunye nomngcipheko. Abatyali-mali abafuna ukuvezwa kwezi marike zikhula kakhulu kufuneka balungiselele ilahleko ebonakalayo yexesha elifutshane kwaye kufuneka baluthathele ingqalelo olu tyalo-mali njengenxalenye yepotfoliyo ebanzi, eyohlukeneyo.
8.4 Ukwandiswa kweeNtlekele
Enye yeenzuzo ezinkulu zotyalo-mali kwizitokhwe zamazwe ngamazwe ukwanda kweentlobo ngeentlobo. Ukwahluka kumazwe ngamazwe kuvumela abatyali-mali ukuba basasaze utyalo-mali lwabo kwiimarike ezininzi kwaye banciphise ukuthembela ekusebenzeni koqoqosho lwelizwe labo. Ngamaxesha apho iimarike zasekhaya zingasebenzi kakuhle, iimarike zamazwe ngamazwe zinokunceda ukulungelelanisa ipotfoliyo kwaye zibenakho ukubonelela ngembuyekezo ezinzileyo.
Ukwahlukahlukana kwamazwe ngamazwe kukwanika abatyali-mali ukufikelela kumashishini kunye namacandelo anokuthi angamelwanga okanye angabikho kwimarike yasekhaya. Umzekelo, eminye imimandla inokugqwesa kumacandelo afana nethekhnoloji, amandla avuselelekayo, okanye imithombo yendalo, evumela abatyali-mali ukuba bafumane ukuvezwa kumashishini angagqamanga kangako kuqoqosho lwabo lwasekhaya.
Iinzuzo zokwahluka ziyabonakala xa kuqwalaselwa ukuba iimarike ezahlukeneyo zihlala ziphendula ngokwahlukileyo kwiziganeko zehlabathi. Ngelixa ukwehla kummandla omnye kunokuchaphazela kakubi iimarike zengingqi, omnye ummandla unokuchaphazeleka kancinci okanye uxhamle kwisiganeko esinye. Ngokusasaza utyalo-mali kumazwe ahlukeneyo nakwimimandla, abatyali-mali banokunciphisa umngcipheko opheleleyo kwipotfoliyo yabo.
Isihlokwana | Amaphuzu aphambili |
---|---|
Umngcipheko woTshintsho lweMali | Ukuhla kumaxabiso otshintshiselwano kunokuchaphazela imbuyekezo kutyalo-mali lwamazwe ngamazwe. Abatyali-mali banokusebenzisa amaqhinga okukhusela ukulawula lo mngcipheko. |
Umngcipheko wezoPolitiko noQoqosho | Ukungazinzi kwezopolitiko kunye nokudodobala koqoqosho kumazwe angaphandle kunokuchaphazela kakubi utyalo-mali lwamazwe ngamazwe. Ukwahluka kunokunciphisa le mingcipheko. |
Ukubanakho ukuBuyisa okuPhezulu | Izitokhwe zamazwe ngamazwe, ngakumbi kwiimarike ezisahlumayo nakwimida, zibonelela ngesakhono sokukhula esiphakamileyo kodwa kwakhona ziza nokuguquguquka okwandileyo. |
Ukwandiswa kweeNtlekele | Utyalo-mali kumazwe ngamazwe lubonelela ngeenzuzo zokwahluka, okuvumela abatyali-mali ukuba basasaze umngcipheko kunye nokufikelela kumashishini angafumanekiyo kwimarike yasekhaya. |
isiphelo
Utyalo-mali kwizitokhwe zamazwe ngamazwe luvula amathuba ehlabathi, lubonelela ngokufikelela kwiimarike ezahlukeneyo, amashishini, kunye neendlela zokukhula koqoqosho ezisenokungafumaneki kwiimarike zasekhaya. Nangona kunjalo, kubalulekile ukuba abatyali-mali baqonde zombini imivuzo kunye neengozi eziza kutyalo-mali lwamazwe ngamazwe. Ukusuka ekujongeni umngcipheko wokutshintshiselana ngemali kunye nokungazinzi kwezopolitiko ukuvuna imbuyekezo ephezulu kunye nokwanda kokwahlukahlukana, izitokhwe zamazwe ngamazwe zinokuba lulongezelelo oluxabisekileyo kuyo nayiphi na iphothifoliyo xa ibhengezwa ngokucwangciswa ngononophelo kunye nokwenziwa kwezigqibo ezinolwazi.
Abatyali mali kufuneka baqale ngokukhetha okulungileyo broker enikezela ukufikelela kwiimarike zamazwe ngamazwe abanomdla kuzo, beqwalasela izinto ezifana neentlawulo, amaqonga, kunye nenkxaso yabathengi. Ukwakha ipotifoliyo eyohlukeneyo etyhutyha imimandla eyahlukeneyo, amacandelo, kunye neeklasi ze-asethi kuya kunceda ukulawula umngcipheko ngelixa ubeka ipotfoliyo ukuba isebenzise amathuba okukhula kwehlabathi. Ukulawula ipotfoliyo yamazwe ngamazwe kufuna ukubekwa esweni okuqhubekayo, kubandakanywa ukuhlala uhlaziywa ngezalathisi zoqoqosho, uphuhliso lwemo yelizwe, kunye nokuguquguquka kwemali okunokuthi kube nefuthe ekusebenzeni kwesitokhwe.
Ngaphezu koko, ukuqonda iimpembelelo zerhafu kutyalo-mali lwamazwe ngamazwe, olufana neekhredithi zerhafu zangaphandle, iirhafu zenzuzo enkulu, kunye nezivumelwano zerhafu, kubalulekile ekwandiseni imbuyekezo kunye nokuqinisekisa ukuthotyelwa kwemimiselo yerhafu yehlabathi.
Imingcipheko eyayanyaniswa notyalo-mali lwamazwe ngamazwe, kubandakanywa ukuguquguquka kotshintshiselwano lwemali kunye nokungaqiniseki kwezopolitiko okanye kwezoqoqosho, kupheliswe yimbuyekezo ephezulu enokubakho, ngakumbi kwiimarike ezikhula ngokukhawuleza ezisakhulayo nakwimida. Ngokulawula ngononophelo le mingcipheko kunye nokuxhamla kwinzuzo yokwahlukana, abatyali-mali banokuphucula ngokubonakalayo izicwangciso zabo zotyalo-mali lwexesha elide.
Ukuqukumbela, izitokhwe zamazwe ngamazwe zibonelela ngesixhobo esinamandla sokwakha ipotifoliyo eyomelelayo, eyohlukeneyo. Ngelixa zifuna inqanaba elikhulu lolwazi kunye nengqalelo, imivuzo enokubakho inokuthethelela ukuntsonkotha okongeziweyo. Abatyali-zimali abazimiseleyo ukwenza iinzame zokuqonda iimarike zangaphandle, bajonge imingcipheko enxulumene noko, kwaye basebenzise izixhobo ezifanelekileyo kunye nezicwangciso zabo zibekwe kakuhle ukuze zivule izibonelelo zotyalo-mali lwehlabathi.