1. Isishwankathelo soTyalo-mali kwiiBond
Utyalo mali amabhondi kudala ithembekile qhinga kwabo bafuna ukulungelelanisa iipotfoliyo zabo kunye nokuqinisekisa umgangatho wozinzo. Kangangeenkulungwane, oorhulumente, iinkampani, kunye namanye amaziko asebenzise iibhondi njengendlela yokunyusa imali, ngelixa abatyali-mali bexhamla kwingeniso eqikelelweyo enokuthi ibonelelwe ngeebhondi. Ukuqonda iibhondi kunye nendima yazo kwipotifoliyo yotyalo-mali ngundoqo ekwenzeni izigqibo zemali ezinolwazi.
Iibhondi zimele imali-mboleko eyenziwe ngumtyali-mali kumntu obolekayo, odla ngokuba ngurhulumente okanye iqumrhu. Umboleki uthembisa ukubuyisela imali-mboleko kunye nenzala kwixesha elimiselweyo. Iibhondi zithathwa ngokuba zikhuselekile kune esitokisini kunye nokubonelela ngendlela yengeniso eqikelelwayo, ngakumbi kubatyali-mali ababambelele ekuvuthweni. Nangona kunjalo, iibhondi ziza kunye neeseti zazo zeenzuzo kunye neengozi, ezibalulekileyo ukuvavanya.
Eli candelo lazisa ingqikelelo yeebhondi, lichaza ukuba kutheni zinomtsalane kubatyali-mali, kwaye lixoxa ngentengiso enokubakho.vantages kunye nemingcipheko eyayanyaniswa notyalo-mali lwebhondi.
1.1. Yintoni iibhondi?
Iibhondi zizibambiso zetyala ezimele imali-mboleko eyenziwe ngumtyali-mali kumboleki, ngokuqhelekileyo urhulumente, iqumrhu, okanye umasipala. Umboleki uyavuma ukuhlawula umtyali-mali isixa-mali esithile senzala (ekubhekiselwa kuso njengekhuphoni) ngamaxesha aqhelekileyo kunye nokubuyisela isixa-mali esiyintloko semali mboleko ngomhla wokuvuthwa kwebhondi. Esi sicwangciso sembuyekezo esicwangcisiweyo senza iibhondi zibe ngukhuseleko lwengeniso esisigxina, oku kuthetha ukuba abatyali-mali banokuthembela kwimbuyekezo ethile ukuba babambe ibhondi kude kube sekupheleni.
Ibhondi nganye inikwa imimiselo echaza umyinge wenzala, umhla wokuvuthwa, kunye nesixa semali-mboleko iyonke. Iibhondi zibonwa ngokuqhelekileyo njengotyalo-mali olukhuselekileyo kunezitokhwe kuba zibonelela ngembuyekezo ezinzileyo kwaye eqikelelwayo, nangona imimiselo ethile ingahluka kakhulu ngokuxhomekeke kumniki kunye nohlobo lwebhondi.
1.2. Kutheni utyala imali kwiibhondi?
Iibhondi zidlala indima ebalulekileyo kwiipotfoliyo zotyalo-mali ezininzi ngenxa yokuzinza kunye nokuqikelelwa. Kwabo bafuna ukugcina imali yabo kwaye benze imbuyekezo engaguqukiyo, iibhondi zibonelela ngenye indlela engaguquguqukiyo kakhulu kwizitokhwe. Ubume obuqikelelwayo beebhondi bunomtsalane ngakumbi kubatyali-mali abalondolozayo okanye abo basondele kumhlalaphantsi abafuna ingeniso ezinzileyo.
Iibhondi zikwabonelela ngolungelelwaniso oluyimfuneko kutyalo-mali oluguquguqukayo olufana nezitokhwe. Xa iimarike zemasheya zifumana ukuguquguquka, amaxabiso eebhondi ahlala ezinzile okanye anyuke. Olu nxulumano lungalunganga lubangela ukuba iibhondi zibe yinxalenye ephambili yepotfoliyo eyohlukeneyo. Ukongeza, iibhondi zinokubonelela ngengeniso ezinzileyo ngeentlawulo zenzala rhoqo, zinika uxolo lwengqondo kubatyali-mali abafuna imbuyekezo ethembekileyo.
1.3. Izibonelelo zotyalo-mali lwebhondi
Utyalo-mali kwiibhondi lunika iintlobo ngeentlobo zeenzuzo, nto leyo eyenza ukuba ibe lukhetho oludumileyo kubatyali-mali abafuna uzinzo kunye nengeniso. Enye yentengiso yokuqalavantages luqikelelo abalunikezayo. Iibhondi zizisa ingeniso esisigxina ngokwendlela yeentlawulo zenzala rhoqo, nto leyo eyenza ukuba ibe nomtsalane kwabo bacwangcisela umhlala-phantsi okanye abafuna ukuhamba kwemali okuzingileyo.
Enye inzuzo ebalulekileyo ukugcinwa kwenkunzi. Iibhondi zijongwa njengeziphantsi ingozi ngaphezu kwe-equities, kwaye xa ibanjwe kude kube sekupheleni, abatyali-mali badla ngokufumana utyalo-mali lwabo lokuqala ngokupheleleyo. Oku kunokunika uxolo lwengqondo ngamaxesha okungaqiniseki kwezoqoqosho okanye okungazinzi kweemalike.
Ukongeza, iibhondi zinegalelo kwipotfoliyo ulwahlulo. Ngenxa yokuba bavame ukusabela ngokungafaniyo kwiimeko zoqoqosho xa kuthelekiswa nezitokhwe, iibhondi zinceda ukugudisa iindawo eziphakamileyo nezisezantsi kwiimarike. Oku kwantlukwano kunokukhusela ipotfoliyo yomtyali-mali kwilahleko enkulu ngexesha lokuhla kweemarike. Kwezinye iibhondi, ezinje ngeebhondi zikamasipala, kunokubakho inzuzo eyongeziweyo yengeniso engahlawulelwa rhafu yenzala, nto leyo ezenza ukuba zibe zintengiso.vantageous kubatyali-mali kwizibiyeli zerhafu ephezulu.
1.4. Imingcipheko yotyalo-mali lwebhondi
Nangona iibhondi zihlala zithathwa njengezikhuselekileyo kunezitokhwe, azikho ngaphandle kwemingcipheko. Omnye weyona mingcipheko ibalulekileyo yinzala. Amaxabiso bond kunye umgangatho wenzala ube nobudlelwane obugwenxa; xa amazinga enzala enyuka, ixabiso lemarike yeebhondi ezikhoyo ngokuqhelekileyo liwa. Oku kunokubangela ilahleko ukuba umtyali-mali ufuna ukuthengisa ibhondi ngaphambi komhla wayo wokuvuthwa.
Umngcipheko wetyala lolunye uqwalaselo olubalulekileyo. Lo ngumngcipheko wokuba umkhuphi webhondi angasilela ukuhlangabezana nezibophelelo zetyala lakhe, okuthetha ukuba banokusilela ukuhlawula inzala okanye ukubuyisela inqununu. Lo mngcipheko ubaluleke kakhulu kwiibhondi zeshishini, njengoko iinkampani zinokujongana nobunzima bezemali obuzithintelayo ekuhlangabezaneni nezibophelelo zazo zebhondi.
I xabiso umngcipheko yenye into enokuchaphazela abatyali-mali bebhondi. Ekubeni iibhondi zibonelela ngeentlawulo zenzala emiselweyo, ukunyuka kwamaxabiso okunyuka kwamaxabiso kunokuphelisa ixabiso lokwenyani lezi ntlawulo, kucuthe amandla okuthenga engeniso eyenziwe kwibhondi.
kwamatyala umngcipheko ubhekisa kubunzima obunokwenzeka ekuthengiseni ibhondi phambi kokuvuthwa ngexabiso elifanelekileyo lemarike. Ukuba ibhondi ayikho mthethweni, umtyali-mali unokuba nengxaki yokufumana umthengi okanye unokunyanzelwa ukuba athengise ibhondi ngexabiso eliphantsi kunokuba bekulindelwe.
Icandelo | Amaphuzu aphambili |
---|---|
Yintoni iibhondi? | Iibhondi zizixhobo zetyala apho abatyali-mali baboleka imali kumboleki ngokutshintshiselana ngeentlawulo zenzala yamaxesha athile kunye nokubuyiswa kwenqununu ekuvuthweni. |
Kutheni utyala imali kwiibhondi? | Iibhondi zibonelela ngozinzo, ukugcinwa kwemali eyinkunzi, kunye nengeniso engaguqukiyo, ngakumbi enomtsalane kubatyali-mali abagcinayo. |
Izibonelelo zotyalo-mali lwebhondi | Iibhondi zibonelela ngokuqikelelwa, ukugcinwa kwemali eyinkunzi, ukwahluka kweepotfoliyo, kwaye kwezinye iimeko, intengiso yerhafuvantages. |
Imingcipheko yotyalo-mali lwebhondi | Utyalo-mali lwebhondi luthwele imingcipheko, kubandakanywa umngcipheko wezinga lenzala, umngcipheko wetyala, umngcipheko wokunyuka kwamaxabiso, kunye nomngcipheko wokuhlawula amatyala. |
2. Ukuqonda iiBonds
Ukwenza izigqibo zotyalo-mali ezinolwazi, kubalulekile ukuba ube nokuqonda okunzulu ngeebhondi kunye nendlela ezisebenza ngayo. Iibhondi zisenokubonakala zichanile, kodwa ziza ngeendlela ezahlukahlukeneyo, nganye kuzo ineempawu zayo. Ukongeza, imigaqo yebhondi kunye nezivuno zinokuchaphazela kakhulu imbuyekezo yomtyali-mali. Kweli candelo, siza kuphonononga iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zeebhondi, kunye nemigaqo enxulumene nebhondi ekufuneka wonke umtyali-mali aqhelane nayo.
2.1. Iindidi zeebhondi
Iibhondi ziza kwiindidi ezininzi, nganye isebenzela iinjongo ezahlukeneyo kwaye inikezela ngamanqanaba ahlukeneyo omngcipheko kunye nembuyekezo. Iindidi eziphambili zeebhondi ziquka iibhondi zikarhulumente, iibhondi zenkampani, kunye neebhondi zikamasipala. Ezi ndidi zivumela abatyali-mali ukuba bakhethe iibhondi ezisekelwe kwi-creditworthiness yomnikeli, injongo yebhondi, kunye nokunyamezela kwabo umngcipheko.
2.1.1. Iibhondi zikaRhulumente
Iibhondi zikaRhulumente zikhutshwa ngoorhulumente belizwe njengendlela yokuxhasa ngemali inkcitho yoluntu. Ezi bhondi zibonwa njengeyona ndlela ikhuselekileyo yotyalo-mali lwebhondi kuba zixhaswa lityala likarhulumente okhuphayo. Kwimeko yase-US, umzekelo, iibhondi ze-Treasury luhlobo oludumileyo lwebhondi karhulumente enikezela ngengeniso ethembekileyo neqikelelwayo.
Iibhondi zikaRhulumente zihlelwa ngokwesiqhelo ngokwemihla yazo yokuvuthwa. Amatyala kaNondyebo, umzekelo, ziibhondi zikarhulumente zexesha elifutshane ezinokukhula okungaphantsi konyaka. Amanqaku kaNondyebo ziibhondi zexesha eliphakathi ezikhula phakathi kweminyaka emibini ukuya kwelishumi, ngelixa iibhondi zikaNondyebo zilutyalo-mali lwexesha elide olunokukhula okungaphezulu kweminyaka elishumi.
Isibheno esikhulu sebhondi karhulumente kukhuseleko lwabo; kunjalo, imbuyekezo ithande ukuba ngaphantsi xa kuthelekiswa nezinye iintlobo iibhondi ngenxa yomngcipheko ophantsi onxulumene nabo.
2.1.2. Iibhondi zeNkampani
Iibhondi zeshishini zikhutshwa ziinkampani ukunyusa inkunzi yemisebenzi yeshishini, ukwandisa, okanye ukuxhasa ngemali iiprojekthi ezintsha. Ngokungafaniyo neebhondi zikarhulumente, iibhondi zenkampani zinomngcipheko ophezulu kuba ukufaneleka kweshishini kunokwahluka ngokusekelwe kwimpilo yayo yezemali kunye neemeko zentengiso. Ngenxa yoko, iibhondi zeshishini zihlala zibonelela ngenzala ephezulu kuneebhondi zikarhulumente ukuze kubuyekezwe lo mngcipheko unyukileyo.
Iibhondi zenkampani zinokuba yi-investment-grade okanye isivuno esiphezulu (esaziwa nangokuthi "i-junk bonds"). Iibhondi zebakala lotyalo-mali zikhutshwa ziinkampani ezinomlinganiselo oqinileyo wetyala kwaye zibonwa njengezikhuselekileyo. Izibophelelo eziphezulu, ngakolunye uhlangothi, zikhutshwe ziinkampani ezinemilinganiselo ephantsi yekhredithi, kwaye zinika imbuyekezo ephezulu ukuhlawulela umngcipheko ophezulu wokungagqibeki.
Ukutyala imali kwiibhondi zenkampani kufuna uphando olunzulu kuzinzo lwezemali lwenkampani ekhuphayo, kodwa inokuba yinto ekhangayo kubatyali-mali abafuna imbuyekezo ephezulu kunokuba iibhondi zikarhulumente zibonelela.
2.1.3. Iibhondi zikaMasipala
Iibhondi zikamasipala, okanye "ii-munis," zikhutshwa ngurhulumente, wasekhaya, okanye amanye amaqumrhu karhulumente ukuxhasa ngemali iiprojekthi zoluntu ezifana neziseko zophuhliso, izikolo kunye nezibhedlele. Enye yeenzuzo eziphambili zeebhondi zikamasipala kukuba inzala efunyenweyo isoloko ikhululwe kwirhafu yengeniso ye-federal, kwaye kwezinye iimeko, kwirhafu karhulumente kunye nengingqi. Le ntengiso yerhafuvantage ibenza babe nomtsalane ngakumbi kubatyali-mali kwizibiyeli zerhafu eziphezulu.
Njengezinye iibhondi, iibhondi zikamasipala zinenqanaba elithile lomngcipheko, ngakumbi umngcipheko wetyala. Nangona kunjalo, iibhondi zikamasipala ezininzi zithathwa njengotyalo-mali olukhuselekileyo, ngakumbi xa zikhutshwe ngoomasipala abazinzile ngokwemali.
Iibhondi zikamasipala zinokuhlelwa zibe ziindidi ezimbini eziphambili: iibhondi ezibophezelayo ngokubanzi kunye neebhondi zengeniso. Iibhondi ezibophezelayo ngokubanzi zixhaswa lukholo olupheleleyo kunye nekhredithi yequmrhu elikhuphayo, oku kuthetha ukuba bahlawulwe ngeerhafu okanye ezinye iingeniso eziqhelekileyo. Iibhondi zengeniso, kwelinye icala, zihlawulwa kwingeniso eveliswa ziiprojekthi ezithile abazixhasayo ngemali, njengeendlela ezirhafelwayo okanye izinto eziluncedo zoluntu.
2.2. Imigaqo yeBond kunye neZivuno
Ukuqonda imigaqo engundoqo ehambelana neebhondi kubalulekile ekuvavanyeni imbuyekezo yabo enokwenzeka kunye neengozi ezinxulumene nazo. Amagama ebhondi afana nomhla wokuvuthwa, ireyithi yekhuphoni, isivuno ukuya ekuvuthweni, kunye namanqaku ebhondi adlala indima ebalulekileyo ekumiseleni umtsalane jikelele wotyalo-mali lwebhondi.
2.2.1. Umhla Wokukhula
Umhla wokuvuthwa kwebhondi ngumhla othe ngqo apho inqununu yebhondi, okanye ixabiso lobuso, libuyiselwa kumtyali-mali. Iibhondi zinokuba nokuvuthwa kwexesha elifutshane, eliphakathi, okanye ixesha elide, kunye neebhondi zexesha elifutshane zikhula ngaphantsi kweminyaka emithathu, kwaye iibhondi zexesha elide zikhula ngaphezu kweminyaka elishumi.
Ubude bokukhula kwebhondi buchaphazela umngcipheko kunye nembuyekezo. Iibhondi zexesha elide zikholisa ukunika inzala ephezulu ukuhlawulela umngcipheko owongezelelweyo wokunyuka kwamaxabiso okanye utshintsho kwinzala ekuhambeni kwexesha.
2.2.2. Ixabiso leKhuphoni
Ixabiso lekhuphoni lizinga lenzala umniki webhondi avumayo ukuyihlawula kumnini-bhondi, echazwa njengepesenti yexabiso lobuso bebhondi. Intlawulo yekhuphoni iqhele ukwenziwa ngonyaka okanye ngesiqingatha sonyaka, ukubonelela umnini-bhondi umvuzo oqhelekileyo. Ireyithi yekhuphoni ihleli ilungisiwe kubo bonke ubomi bebhondi, yiyo loo nto iibhondi zidla ngokubizwa ngokuba zii-securities “fixed-income”.
Izinga eliphezulu lekhuphoni ngokuqhelekileyo lenza ibhondi ibe nomtsalane ngakumbi, ngakumbi ngamaxesha enzala ephantsi ekhoyo. Nangona kunjalo, ireyithi yekhuphoni kufuneka ithelekiswe nesivuno sangoku sebhondi ukuze kuhlolwe ingeniso yebhondi iyonke.
2.2.3. Ziyekele Ekuqoleni
Yield to maturity (YTM) ngumlinganiselo obonisa imbuyekezo iyonke umtyali-mali anokulindela ukuyizuza ukuba ubambe ibhondi ide ivuthwe. I-YTM ithathela ingqalelo ixabiso langoku lebhondi, iintlawulo zenzala ezivelisayo, kunye nexesha eliseleyo de ibe lixesha lokuvuthwa. Le metric ivumela abatyali-mali ukuba bathelekise umtsalane weebhondi ezahlukeneyo, nokuba banamaxabiso ahlukeneyo ekhuphoni okanye banjalo urhwebo ngeprimiyamu okanye isaphulelo kwixabiso labo lobuso.
Ukuvunwa ekukhuleni yingqiqo ebalulekileyo kubatyali-zimali bebhondi kuba ibonelela ngomfanekiso obanzi wembuyekezo enokwenzeka yebhondi kunereyithi yekhuphoni iyodwa.
2.2.4. Iireyithingi zeBond
Iireyithingi zebhondi luvavanyo lokufaneleka kwetyala lomniki webhondi, olukhutshwe zii-arhente ezizimeleyo zokukala njengeMoody's, iStandard & Poor's, kunye neFitch. Ezi zilinganiso zibalulekile kuba zibonisa umgangatho womngcipheko ohambelana nokutyalomali kwibhondi ethile. Iibhondi ezinamaqondo aphezulu (ezifana ne-AAA okanye i-AA) zithathwa njengotyalo-mali olukhuselekileyo kodwa zibonelela ngembuyekezo ephantsi. Iibhondi ezinomlinganiselo ophantsi (ezifana ne-BBB okanye ngaphantsi) zithathwa njengeziyingozi kakhulu kodwa zinokubonelela ngezivuno eziphezulu ukuhlawula umngcipheko owongezelelekileyo.
Ukuqonda ireyithingi yebhondi kubalulekile kubatyali-mali abanqwenela ukuvavanya ukwenzeka kokusilela kunye nokwenza izigqibo ezinolwazi malunga trade-ukuyeka phakathi komngcipheko kunye nokubuya.
Icandelo | Amaphuzu aphambili |
---|---|
Iindidi zeebhondi | Iibhondi zibandakanya iibhondi zikarhulumente, iibhondi zenkampani, kunye neebhondi zikamasipala, nganye ineeprofayili ezahlukeneyo zokubuyiswa komngcipheko. |
Iibhondi zikaRhulumente | Ikhutshwe ngoorhulumente belizwe, ngokwesiqhelo isengozini esezantsi enembuyekezo ephantsi, ihlala ihlelwa ngokukhula. |
Iibhondi zeNkampani | Ikhutshwe ziinkampani, ezibonelela ngembuyekezo ephezulu kodwa enomngcipheko owonyukileyo wetyala xa kuthelekiswa neebhondi zikarhulumente. |
Iibhondi zikaMasipala | Ikhutshwe ngoorhulumente basekhaya kwiiprojekthi zoluntu, zihlala zingahlawuliswa irhafu kwaye zibhenela kubatyali-mali abanengeniso ephezulu. |
Bond Terms | Amagama angundoqo aquka umhla wokuvuthwa, ireyithi yekhuphoni, imbuyekezo ukuya ekuvuthweni, kunye nemilinganiselo yebhondi, echaphazela imbuyekezo. |
Umhla Wokukhula | Umhla ekubuyiswe ngawo inqununu yebhondi; Ukuvuthwa okude kunomngcipheko ongaphezulu kodwa kunikeze imbuyekezo ephezulu. |
Ixabiso leKhuphoni | Izinga lenzala elihlawulwe kubanini-bhondi, ibonelela ngengeniso esisigxina kubomi bebhondi. |
Ziyekele Ekuqoleni | Ibonisa imbuyekezo iyonke ukuba ibhondi ibanjelwe ekuvuthweni, inikezela ngomlinganiselo obanzi wenzuzo. |
Iireyithingi zeBond | Iireyithingi zivavanya umngcipheko wetyala, kunye neebhondi ezinemilinganiselo ephezulu ezinikezela ngokhuseleko kunye neebhondi ezinomlinganiselo ophantsi onika izivuno eziphezulu. |
3. Uzithenga njani iibhondi
Emva kokuba umtyali-mali eqonda iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zeebhondi kunye nemigaqo ehambelana nayo, inyathelo elilandelayo kukugqiba indlela yokuthenga iibhondi. Kukho iindlela ezahlukeneyo ezikhoyo, kuxhomekeke ekubeni umtyalo-mali ufuna ukuthenga amabhondi amatsha ngokuthe ngqo kumniki okanye ukuthenga iibhondi kwimarike yesibini. Ukongeza, iibhondi zinokufunyanwa ngokusebenzisa brokers, eyindlela eqhelekileyo kubatyali-zimali ngabanye. Kweli candelo, siza kuphonononga umahluko phakathi kweemarike eziziiprayimari nezesekondari, kunye nendlela yokuthenga iibhondi ngokusebenzisa amajelo ahlukeneyo.
3.1. IMarike ePhambili vs. Imarike yeSekondari
Imarike yokuqala kulapho iibhondi ezintsha zikhutshwa ngokuthe ngqo ngoorhulumente, iinkampani, okanye oomasipala. Abatyali-mali abathenga iibhondi kwiimarike eziphambili ziyimfuneko ukuboleka imali ngqo kulowo ukhuphayo ngokutshintshiselana ngeentlawulo zenzala rhoqo kunye nokubuyiselwa kwenqununu xa ibhondi ivuthwa. Le yintengiselwano ethe ngqo phakathi komniki-mali kunye nomtyali-mali, ngokuqhelekileyo eyenzeka ngeefandesi okanye iminikelo yokuqala yoluntu (I-IPOs).
Enye yeentengiso eziphambilivantages yokuthenga iibhondi kwimarike yokuqala kukuba zithengiswa ngexabiso elijongene nazo, ngaphandle kweprimiyamu okanye isaphulelo. Ukongeza, abatyali-mali banokusoloko bethenga iibhondi ezisanda kukhutshwa ngesiqinisekiso sokuba bazifumana ngexabiso lenzala elixeliweyo kunye nomhla wokuvuthwa ngaphandle kobambi.
Ngokwahlukileyo, imarike yesibini apho iibhondi zithengwa kwaye zithengiswe emva kokuba zikhutshiwe. Kule marike, abatyali-mali trade iibhondi nabanye abatyali-zimali kunokuba nomniki. Amaxabiso kwimarike yesibini ayahla ngokusekwe kubonelelo kunye nemfuno, utshintsho kwinzala, kunye nokufaneleka kwetyala lomkhuphi webhondi. Oku kuthetha ukuba abatyali-mali banokuthenga iibhondi kwi-premium (ngaphezulu kwexabiso lobuso) okanye ngesaphulelo (ngaphantsi kwexabiso lobuso), kuxhomekeke kwiimeko zemarike.
Ukuthenga iibhondi kwiimarike zesibini kunika ukuguquguquka, njengoko abatyali-mali banokufumana iibhondi ezinokuthi zisondele ekuvuthweni okanye ezibonelela ngezivuno ezikhangayo. Nangona kunjalo, iphinda ifike kunye nobunzima obuninzi, njengoko amaxabiso eebhondi ephenjelelwa yi-dynamics yangoku yemarike.
3.2. Ukuthenga iiBond ngeBroker
Kubatyali-mali abaninzi, ukuthenga iibhondi ngokusebenzisa a broker lolona khetho luthe ngqo. Abarhwebi basebenza njengabalamleli phakathi kwabatyali-mali kunye nemarike yebhondi, bebonelela ngokufikelela kuluhlu olubanzi lweebhondi ezivela kubaniki abahlukeneyo. Abarhwebi badla ngokufikelela kwiimarike zebhondi eziziiprayimari nezesekondari, ezivumela abatyali-mali ukuba bakhethe phakathi kweebhondi ezisanda kukhutshwa kunye neebhondi esele zirhweba.
Xa uthenga iibhondi ngokusebenzisa a broker, umtyali-mali uhlawula umrhumo okanye ikhomishini yenkonzo. Esi sakhiwo sentlawulo siyahluka ngokuxhomekeke kwi broker kunye nohlobo lwebhondi ethengwayo. Abatyali mali kufuneka bazazi iindleko ezinxulumene nokusebenzisa a broker, njengoko ezi zinokuchaphazela imbuyekezo iyonke kwi-bond investment.
Enye yentengisovantageukusebenzisa a broker lufikelelo kuphando kunye neembono zentengiso brokers rhoqo ukunika. Abaninzi brokeriifemu yobudala zibonelela ngezixhobo kunye nezibonelelo ezinceda abatyali-mali ukuba bahlole ukufaneleka kwabaniki-bhondi, bathelekise izivuno, kwaye bachonge iibhondi ezihambelana neenjongo zabo zotyalo-mali. Oku kunokuba luncedo ngakumbi kubatyali-mali abatsha kwimarike yebhondi kwaye bafuna isikhokelo sokwenza izigqibo ezizizo.
3.3. Ukuthenga iiBonds ngokuthe ngqo kuMniki-nkonzo
Kwezinye iimeko, abatyali-mali banokuthenga iibhondi ngokuthe ngqo kumniki ngaphandle kokudlula broker. Olu khetho luqhele ukufumaneka kwiibhondi zikarhulumente, ezifana neebhondi zikaNondyebo wase-US, ezinokuthengwa ngokuthe ngqo kwi-Ofisi kaNondyebo waseMelika ngokusebenzisa iwebhusayithi yabo, i-TreasuryDirect. Ngokufanayo, iinkampani ezithile kunye noomasipala banokubonelela ngokuthengwa kwebhondi ngokuthe ngqo kubatyali-mali ngamaqonga abo okanye ngeefandesi.
Ukuthenga iibhondi ngokuthe ngqo kulowo ukhuphayo kuphelisa isidingo sokuhlawula broker ikhomishini, enokwenza oku kube yindlela ebiza kakhulu kubatyali-mali abathile. Ukongezelela, ukuthenga ngokuthe ngqo kulowo ukhuphayo kuqinisekisa ukuba ibhondi ithengwa ngexabiso eliphantsi ngaphandle kwesidingo sokuhamba ngobunzima beemarike zesibini.
Nangona kunjalo, ukuthenga iibhondi ngokuthe ngqo kumniki-mali kunokunciphisa iindidi zeebhondi ezikhoyo kumtyalo-mali. Uninzi lokuthenga ngokuthe ngqo kuthintelwe kwiibhondi zikarhulumente, okuthetha ukuba abo bafuna iibhondi zeshishini okanye zikamasipala kusafuneka basebenze kunye broker okanye ukufikelela kwimarike yesibini.
Ngokubanzi, ukuthenga iibhondi ngokuthe ngqo kumniki-nkqubo yinkqubo elula kwaye ecacileyo, ngakumbi kubatyalo-mali abagxile kwizibambiso zikarhulumente kwaye bakhululekile ngokutyalo-mali ixesha elide.
Icandelo | Amaphuzu aphambili |
---|---|
IMarike ePhambili vs. Imarike yeSekondari | Iibhondi zingathengwa kwiimarike eziphambili ngokuthe ngqo kumniki okanye kwimarike yesibini apho abatyali-mali trade iibhondi. |
Ukuthenga Nge-Broker | Abarhwebi babonelela ngokufikelela kuluhlu olubanzi lweebhondi kwiimarike eziziiprayimari nezizisekondari, ngokuqhelekileyo bahlawula umrhumo ngeenkonzo zabo. |
Ukuthenga ngokuthe ngqo kuMniki-nkonzo | Abatyalomali banokuthenga iibhondi ngokuthe ngqo kubakhuphi, njenge-US Treasury bonds, ukuphelisa broker imirhumo kodwa kunye nokhetho olulinganiselweyo. |
4. IziCwangciso zokuTyalwa kweBond
Utyalo-mali kwiibhondi kungaphezulu nje kokuthenga izibambiso kwaye uzibambe de zifikelele ekuvuthweni. Utyalo-mali lwebhondi oluyimpumelelo lubandakanya ukusebenzisa iindlela zobuchule zokwandisa imbuyekezo ngelixa ulawula umngcipheko. Kweli candelo, siza kuxubusha isitshixo qhinga abatyali-mali basebenzise ukulawula iiphothifoliyo zabo zebhondi, kubandakanywa ukunyuswa kwebhondi, ukwahluka, kunye nokulungelelanisa ukukhula kwebhondi kunye neenjongo ezithile zotyalo-mali. Ngasinye kwezi zicwangciso sidlala indima ebalulekileyo ekwandiseni ukusebenza kwepotifoliyo yotyalo-mali lwebhondi.
4.1. Bond Laddering
I-bond laddering sisicwangciso esibandakanya ukuthenga iibhondi ezinemihla yokuvuthwa emdityanisiweyo. Esikhundleni sokuthenga iibhondi ezivuthiweyo zonke ngexesha elinye, umtyalo-mali uthenga iibhondi ezivuthwa ngamaxesha ahlukeneyo-ixesha elifutshane, eliphakathi kunye nexesha elide. Intengiso engundoqovantage ye-bond laddering kukuba inceda ukulawula umngcipheko wezinga lenzala ngelixa ibonelela ngokulandelelana kwengeniso njengoko ibhondi nganye ikhula.
Xa iibhondi kwileli zivuthiwe, umtyali-mali unokuphinda atyale inqununu kwiibhondi ezintsha, ezinokuzuza kumazinga aphezulu enzala ukuba amazinga anyukile. Esi sicwangciso sibonelela ngokuguquguquka kwaye sinciphisa impembelelo yokuguquguquka kwexabiso lenzala kuyo yonke ipotifoliyo. Ukuba iireyithi ziyenyuka, umtyali-mali unokuthatha intengisovantage yezivuno eziphezulu xa uphinda utyala imali. Ngokuchasene noko, ukuba iireyithi ziyehla, kuphela inxalenye yepotfoliyo itshixiwe kumazinga aphantsi, njengoko ezinye iibhondi kwileli zisaxhamla kumazinga aphezulu avalelwe ngaphambili.
Ukongeza, ukunyuswa kweebhondi kubonelela ngemali yokuhlawula amatyala ngamaxesha aqhelekileyo, anokuba luncedo ukuba umtyali-mali ufuna ukufikelela kwiimali okanye ufuna ukuhlengahlengisa isicwangciso sabo sotyalo-mali ngokusekelwe ekutshintsheni kweemeko zemali. Le ndlela iluncedo kakhulu kubatyali-mali abafuna ukulingana phakathi kwengeniso kunye nokunciphisa umngcipheko kwixesha elide.
4.2. Ukwahluka
Ukwahlukahlukana sisicwangciso esisisiseko sotyalo-mali esingasebenziyo kuphela kwizitokhwe kodwa nakwiibhondi. Kumxholo wotyalo-mali lwebhondi, ukwahluka kubandakanya ukusasaza utyalo-mali kwiindidi ezahlukeneyo zeebhondi ukunciphisa umngcipheko. Oku kunokubandakanya ukwahluka ngokukhupha, ukukhula, kunye nohlobo lwebhondi, efana neebhondi zikarhulumente, iibhondi zenkampani, kunye neebhondi zikamasipala.
Ngokwahluka kubaniki abahlukeneyo, umtyali-mali wehlisa umngcipheko wokuba sesichengeni ngokugqithisileyo kulo naliphi na iqumrhu elinye lomngcipheko wetyala. Ngokomzekelo, utyalo-mali kubo bobabini urhulumente kunye neebhondi zeshishini kunokukhusela ngokuchasene nokungagqibeki kwakhe nawuphi na umniki omnye. Ngokufanayo, ukuhlukana phakathi kokuvuthwa-ukudibanisa iibhondi zexesha elifutshane kunye nexesha elide-kunceda ukulinganisela umngcipheko. Iibhondi zexeshana elifutshane zibonelela ngexabiso lemali ethe kratya, ngelixa iibhondi zexesha elide zihlala zibonelela ngembuyekezo ephezulu.
Enye indlela yokwahluka kukubandakanya iibhondi ezivela kumacandelo ahlukeneyo okanye imimandla yejografi. Oku kunceda ukukhusela ipotfoliyo ekuthotyweni kwezoqoqosho ngokwecandelo elithile okanye kwingingqi ethile, njengoko iibhondi kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zisenokungachatshazelwa yimiba efanayo. Iphothifoliyo yebhondi eyahlulwe kakuhle iyakwazi ukulungisa ukuguquguquka kwembuyekezo kwaye ibonelele ngengeniso ezinzileyo.
4.3. Ukuthelekisa ukuVula kweBond kwiiNjongo zoTyalo-mali
Esinye sezona zicwangciso zibalulekileyo kutyalo-mali lwebhondi kukulungelelanisa ukukhula kweebhondi kunye nomtyali-mali. iinjongo zemali. Oku kuqinisekisa ukuba iibhondi zivuthwa ngexesha apho kufuneka imali, ukuthintela isidingo sokuthengisa iibhondi kwangethuba kwaye mhlawumbi ngelahleko. Esi sicwangciso siluncedo kakhulu kubatyali-mali abaneenjongo ezithile zemali, ezinjengokuxhasa ngemali umntwana imfundo, ukuthenga ikhaya, okanye ukuceba umhlala-phantsi.
Ngokomzekelo, umtyalo-mali oceba ukuthatha umhlala-phantsi kwiminyaka eyi-10 unokuthenga iibhondi ezivuthiwe malunga nomhla wokuthatha umhlalaphantsi. Ezi bhondi ziya kubonelela ngengeniso ezinzileyo ekhokelela kumhlalaphantsi kwaye ibuyisele inqununu xa ifuneka. Ngokufanayo, umtyali-mali ogcinela ukuthenga okukhulu, njengendlu, unokufanisa imihla yokuvuthwa kweebhondi zabo kwixesha elilindelekileyo lokuthenga.
Le ndlela ayincedi kuphela ekuhlangabezaneni neenjongo zemali kodwa ikwanciphisa umngcipheko wenzala. Ngokubamba iibhondi ukuya ekuvuthweni, abatyali-mali baphephe ilahleko enokubakho ehambelana nokuthengisa iibhondi kwindawo yokunyuka kwenzala. Ukuthelekisa ukuvuthwa kwebhondi kunye ne-horizons yotyalo-mali kunika indlela ecwangcisiweyo neqikelelwayo yokuhlangabezana neemfuno zemali ngelixa kuncitshiswa umngcipheko obotshelelwe kwixesha lentengiso.
Icandelo | Amaphuzu aphambili |
---|---|
Bond Laddering | Ibandakanya ukuthenga iibhondi ezinemali eyongezelelekileyo, ibonelela ngengeniso ezinzileyo kunye nokubalula ukwenza utyalo-mali kwakhona ngamaxabiso anokuba phezulu. |
ukohlulwa | Ukusasaza utyalo-mali kubo bonke abakhuphi abahlukeneyo, ukukhula, kunye neentlobo zeebhondi, ukunciphisa ukuvezwa kwimingcipheko ethile. |
Ukuthelekisa Ukuvuthwa kweBond kwiiNjongo | Ukulungelelanisa ukukhula kwebhondi kunye neenjongo zemali ukuqinisekisa ukuba imali iyafumaneka xa ifuneka kwaye inciphisa umngcipheko wenzala. |
5. Imingcipheko yeBond
Nangona iibhondi zijongwa njengotyalo-mali olukhuselekileyo kunezitokhwe, azikho ngaphandle komngcipheko. Iindidi ezahlukeneyo zeebhondi zithwala amanqanaba ahlukeneyo omngcipheko, apho abatyali-mali kufuneka baqonde ukwenza izigqibo ezinolwazi. Eyona mingcipheko ixhaphakileyo enxulunyaniswa notyalo-mali lwebhondi ibandakanya umngcipheko wenzala, umngcipheko wetyala, umngcipheko wokunyuka kwamaxabiso, kunye nomngcipheko wokungabinamali. Nganye kwezi zinto zinokuchaphazela ixabiso leebhondi kunye neembuyekezo ezizenzayo. Kweli candelo, siza kuphonononga le mingcipheko ngokweenkcukacha kwaye sichaze ukuba iluchaphazela njani utyalo-mali lwebhondi.
5.1. Umngcipheko weNzala
Umngcipheko wenzala ngomnye weyona mingcipheko ibalulekileyo eyayanyaniswa notyalo-mali lwebhondi. Ibhekisa kubudlelwane obuguqukileyo phakathi kwamaxabiso ebhondi kunye nenzala. Xa amazinga enzala enyuka, ixabiso leebhondi ezikhoyo ngokuqhelekileyo liwa, kwaye xa amazinga enzala ehla, amaxabiso ebhondi athanda ukunyuka.
Oku kwenzeka ngenxa yokuba iibhondi ezintsha zikhutshelwa izinga eliphezulu lenzala xa amazinga enyuka, okwenza iibhondi ezindala ezinexabiso eliphantsi lekhuphoni zibe nomtsalane. Ngenxa yoko, ixabiso leebhondi ezindala liyancipha ukubenza bakhuphisane kwimarike. Kubatyali-mali abaceba ukubamba iibhondi zabo de bafikelele ekuvuthweni, ukuguquguquka kwexabiso lenzala kusenokungabangeli inkxalabo enkulu, njengoko basaza kufumana ixabiso lobuso bebhondi ekuvuthweni. Noko ke, kwabo bafuna ukuthengisa iibhondi ngaphambi kokuba bakhule, ukunyuka kwamaxabiso enzala kunokukhokelela kwilahleko ukuba iibhondi zithengiswa ngexabiso eliphantsi.
Umngcipheko wenzala ubaluleke kakhulu kwiibhondi zexesha elide, njengoko amaxabiso azo anovakalelo ngakumbi kutshintsho kwimilinganiselo yenzala kuneebhondi zexesha elifutshane. Abatyali-mali abaxhalabileyo malunga nomngcipheko wenzala banokuwuthomalalisa ngokuguqula ipotifoliyo yabo yebhondi ngeebhondi ezikhula ngokwahlukeneyo okanye basebenzise ubuchule obufana nokukhuliswa kweebhondi.
5.2. Umngcipheko weTyala
Umngcipheko wetyala, owaziwa ngokuba ngumngcipheko wokungagqibeki, ngumngcipheko wokuba umniki webhondi akayi kuba nako ukwenza iintlawulo zenzala efunekayo okanye abuyisele inqununu xa ibhondi ivuthwa. Lo mngcipheko uphezulu kwiibhondi zenkampani kunye neebhondi ezikhutshwe ngoomasipala okanye amazwe anemilinganiselo ephantsi yekhredithi. Abatyali-mali kwiibhondi ezikhutshwe ziinkampani ezingazinzanga ngokwasezimalini okanye oorhulumente banokujongana nethuba lokuphulukana neentlawulo zabo zenzala kunye notyalo-mali lokuqala.
Imilinganiselo yetyala enikwe zii-arhente ezifana neMoody's, iStandard & Poor's, kunye neFitch inceda abatyali-zimali balinganise ukufaneleka kwabo bakhupha iibhondi. Iibhondi ezinamazinga aphakamileyo amatyala, afana norhulumente we-AAA okanye iibhondi zenkampani, zibhekwa njengengozi ephantsi, ngelixa iibhondi ezinamazinga aphantsi, ezifana ne-high-sivuno okanye i-junk bonds, zinomngcipheko ophezulu wokungagqibeki.
Ukunciphisa umngcipheko wetyala, abatyali-mali banokukhetha iibhondi ezikhutshwe ziinkampani okanye oorhulumente. Ukongeza, ukwahlula iphothifoliyo yebhondi ngokutyala imali kwiibhondi ezivela kubakhuphi abohlukeneyo kunokuncedisa ukunciphisa impembelelo yokusilela okukodwa.
5.3. Umngcipheko wokunyuka kwamaxabiso
Umngcipheko wokunyuka kwamaxabiso ezinto ubhekiselele kwimeko yokuba ukunyuka kwamaxabiso kuya kuphelisa amandla okuthenga iintlawulo zenzala kunye nembuyekezo eyintloko kwiibhondi. Ekubeni iibhondi zibonelela ngeentlawulo zenzala esisigxina, ukunyuka kwamaxabiso kunciphisa ixabiso lokwenyani lezo ntlawulo. Lo mngcipheko ubaluleke kakhulu kwiibhondi zexesha elide, njengoko impembelelo yokunyuka kwamaxabiso ibaluleke kakhulu ekuhambeni kwexesha.
Umzekelo, ukuba ibhondi ihlawula ireyithi yekhuphoni esisigxina ye-3% kwaye ukunyuka kwamaxabiso kunyuke ukuya kwi-4%, imbuyekezo yokwenyani kwibhondi iba yimbi, njengoko amandla okuthenga engeniso yenzala ancipha. Umngcipheko wokunyuka kwamaxabiso udla ngokuba yinkxalabo ngexesha lokukhula koqoqosho xa ukunyuka kwamaxabiso kuthanda ukunyuka.
Ukuchasana nomngcipheko wokunyuka kwamaxabiso, abatyali-mali banokuqwalasela ukutyalomali kwiibhondi ezikhuselweyo zokunyuka kwamaxabiso, njenge-Treasury Inflation-Protected Securities (TIPS), ehlengahlengisa inqununu ngokusekelwe kwiinguqu kwi-inflation. izinga lokunyuka kwamaxabiso. Oku kuvumela umtyali-mali ukuba agcine amandla okuthenga engeniso yabo yenzala kunye nenqununu.
5.4. Umngcipheko weLiquidity
Umngcipheko we-Liquidity ubhekiselele kubunzima bokuthengisa ibhondi ngokukhawuleza nangexabiso layo elifanelekileyo lemarike. Ayizizo zonke iibhondi ezisebenzayo traded, kwaye abanye banokuba nemarike encinci yabathengi, ngakumbi ngamaxesha oxinzelelo lwemarike. Ukuba umtyali-mali ufuna ukuthengisa ibhondi ngokukhawuleza, kusenokufuneka amkele ixabiso eliphantsi kunexabiso lebhondi elingaphakathi, elikhokelela kwilahleko enokwenzeka.
Umngcipheko we-Liquidity uphezulu kakhulu kwiibhondi zenkampani kwaye uphantsi kwiibhondi zikarhulumente, ngakumbi i-US Treasuries, ezimanzi kakhulu kwaye zinokuthengiswa ngokulula kwimarike yesibini. Abatyali-mali abajonge ukunciphisa umngcipheko wokuhlawula amatyala kufuneka bathathele ingqalelo iprofayili ye-liquidity yeebhondi abazithengayo kwaye bagxininise kwiibhondi ezizibhondi. traded rhoqo.
Icandelo | Amaphuzu aphambili |
---|---|
Inzala yoMngcipheko | Umngcipheko wokuba ukunyuka kwamaxabiso enzala kuya kukhokelela kumaxabiso aphantsi ebhondi, ingakumbi echaphazela iibhondi zexesha elide. |
Umngcipheko weTyala | Umngcipheko wokuba umniki-mali yebhondi angayihlawuli intlawulo, ingakumbi enxulumene nebhondi enexabiso eliphantsi. |
Umngcipheko wokunyuka kwamaxabiso | Umngcipheko wokuba ukunyuka kwamaxabiso kuya kunciphisa amandla okuthenga iintlawulo zenzala esisigxina, ngakumbi kwiibhondi zexesha elide. |
Umngcipheko woTywala | Umngcipheko wokuba umtyali-mali unokufumana ubunzima ekuthengiseni ibhondi ngexabiso layo lemarike elifanelekileyo, ngakumbi ngamaxesha oxinzelelo lwemarike. |
6. Iingcebiso zokuTyalwa kweBond
Ukutyala imali kwiibhondi kunokuba yindlela enamandla yokuvelisa ingeniso ezinzileyo kunye nomngcipheko wokulinganisela ngaphakathi kwepotfoliyo, kodwa impumelelo ifuna ukucwangciswa ngokucophelela kunye nokulawula. Njengalo naluphi na utyalo-mali, utyalo-mali lwebhondi lufuna inkuthalo, ulungelelwaniso olucacileyo kunye neenjongo zemali, kunye nokubeka iliso okuqhubekayo. Kweli candelo, siza kuxoxa ngeengcebiso ezisebenzayo zokunceda abatyali-mali ukuba bakhulise imbuyekezo yabo ngelixa unciphisa umngcipheko kutyalo-mali lwebhondi. Ezi ngcebiso ziquka ukwenza uphando, ukulungelelanisa utyalo-mali lwebhondi kunye neenjongo zemali, ukubeka esweni ngokukhutheleyo ipotifoliyo yebhondi, kunye nokufuna iingcebiso zobungcali xa kuyimfuneko.
6.1. Uphando kunye neNkuthalo efanele
Ngaphambi kokutyala imali kuyo nayiphi na ibhondi, ukwenza uphando olucokisekileyo kubalulekile. Oku kuquka ukuqonda ukufaneleka komntu okhuphayo, imiqathango yebhondi, imeko yezinga lenzala, nazo naziphi na iingozi ezinokubakho ezinxulumene notyalo-mali. Abatyali-zimali kufuneka banike ingqwalasela enkulu kumaxabiso ebhondi, enika isalathiso sempilo yezemali yalowo ukhuphayo kunye nokuba nokwenzeka kokusilela. Iibhondi ezinemilinganiselo ephezulu zikhuselekile ngokubanzi kodwa zibonelela ngezivuno ezisezantsi, ngelixa iibhondi ezinezinga eliphantsi (ezifana neebhondi zesivuno esiphezulu) ziza nomngcipheko ophezulu kunye nembuyekezo enokubakho enkulu.
Ukongeza kwiireyithingi zetyala, kubalulekile ukujonga ingxelo yezemali yomniki, iimeko zentengiso kunye neshishini. iintsingiselo. Kwiibhondi zenkampani, ukuqonda ingeniso yenkampani, ingeniso, kunye namanqanaba etyala kunokubonelela ngengqiqo ekukwazini kwayo ukuhlangabezana nezibophelelo zayo. Kurhulumente nomasipala bond, izinto ezifana neemeko zoqoqosho, ingeniso yerhafu, nokuzinza kwezopolitiko zizinto eziphambili zokuqwalaselwa.
Abatyali-zimali kufuneka bazazi iindlela ezibanzi zoqoqosho, ngakumbi iintshukumo zenzala, njengoko ezi zinokuchaphazela kakhulu amaxabiso eebhondi kunye nezivuno. Ukuhlala unolwazi kunye nokuziphatha ngokucokisekileyo kuqinisekisa ukuba abatyali-mali benza izigqibo ezinolwazi kwaye banciphise umngcipheko welahleko.
6.2. Qwalasela iinjongo zakho zoTyalo-mali
Xa ukhetha iibhondi, kubalulekile ukulungelelanisa utyalo-mali kunye neenjongo ezithile zemali. Iibhondi zinokusebenza iinjongo ezahlukeneyo kwipotfoliyo, ukusuka ekuveliseni ingeniso ukuya ekulondolozeni inkunzi okanye ukuxhasa ngezimali iindleko zexesha elizayo. Ukuchonga iinjongo zakho kuya kunceda ukumisela iintlobo ezifanelekileyo zeebhondi oza kutyala kuzo, kunye nokukhula kwazo kunye neprofayili yomngcipheko.
Umzekelo, ukuba umtyali-mali ufuna ingeniso eqhelekileyo ngexesha lomhlalaphantsi, banokubeka phambili iibhondi ezibonelela ngeentlawulo zekhuphoni ezingaguqukiyo kwaye zibe neprofayili yomngcipheko ophantsi, njengorhulumente okanye iibhondi zeshishini ezixakeke kakhulu. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukuba umtyalo-mali unenjongo yexesha elide, njengokugcina imali yokuthenga enkulu okanye iindleko zemfundo, banokukhetha iibhondi ezinokuvuthwa kwexesha elide elihambelana nexesha leemfuno zabo zemali.
Ukongeza, abatyali-mali kufuneka baqwalasele ukunyamezela kwabo umngcipheko. Abo banonyamezelo oluphantsi lomngcipheko banokugxila kwiibhondi zebakala lotyalo-mali okanye iibhondi zikarhulumente, ngelixa abatyali-mali abazimisele ukuthatha umngcipheko wokufumana imbuyekezo ephezulu banokuphonononga iibhondi zeenkampani ezinesivuno esikhulu. Ukuqonda iinjongo zomntu zemali kunye nomdla womngcipheko kubalulekile ekudaleni ipotifoliyo yebhondi ehambelana neenjongo zomntu zemali.
6.3. Beka iliso kwiPotfoliyo yeBond yakho
Isicwangciso esiyimpumelelo sotyalo-mali lwebhondi sifuna uqwalaselo olusebenzayo lwepotfoliyo. Oku kuthetha ukuphonononga rhoqo ukusebenza kweebhondi kwipotifoliyo yakho, kunye nokubeka iliso kwiintshukumo zenzala kunye neemeko zoqoqosho ezinokuchaphazela amaxabiso eebhondi.
Njengeebhondi ezisondele ekuvuthweni, abatyali-zimali kufuneka bacinge ngokuphinda batyale ingeniso ukuze bagcine ingeniso abayifunayo okanye isicwangciso sokukhula. Oku kubaluleke ngakumbi kubatyali-mali abasebenzisa iindlela ezifana ne-bond laddering, efuna utyalo-mali ngamaxesha athile. Ukubeka iliso kukwanceda ukuqinisekisa ukuba ipotifoliyo yebhondi ihlala ihambelana neenjongo zakho zemali kunye nokunyamezela umngcipheko njengoko iimeko zemarike zitshintsha.
Ukongezelela, ukulinganiswa kwekhredithi yabakhuphi bebhondi kunokutshintsha ngokuhamba kwexesha. Ukuba imeko yemali yenkampani iyancipha, iibhondi zayo zinokuthotywa, nto leyo inokuchaphazela ixabiso labo kunye nokukwazi komniki ukuhlangabezana nezibophelelo zayo. Abatyali-mali kufuneka bahlale bephaphile kwaye baphinde baphonononge iibhondi zabo ngamaxesha athile ukuze baqinisekise ukuba uhlengahlengiso kufuneka lwenziwe kwipotfoliyo.
6.4. Funa iNgcebiso yobuGcisa ukuba iFuna
Ngelixa abatyali-mali abaninzi banokulawula ngempumelelo utyalo-mali lwabo lwebhondi bebodwa, kukho amaxesha apho ukufuna iingcebiso zobuchwephesha kunokuba luncedo. Abacebisi ngezemali okanye iingcali zotyalo-mali zinokunika ulwazi oluxabisekileyo ekukhetheni iibhondi, ukwahluka kweepotfoliyo, kunye ulawulo lwengozi. Basenokunikezela ngezicwangciso ezilungiselelwe iinjongo ezithile zomtyali-mali kunye nokunyamezela umngcipheko.
Kubatyali-mali abatsha okanye abangenamava, ukuzulazula kwizinto ezintsonkothileyo zentengiso yeebhondi kunokuba ngumngeni. Ukusebenza nochwephesha wezezimali kunokunceda ukuphepha imigibe eqhelekileyo kwaye uqinisekise ukuba ipotifoliyo yakho yebhondi ilungiselelwe zombini ingeniso kunye nokukhula.
Abacebisi beengcali banokuphinda bancedise ngezicwangciso zotyalo-mali lwebhondi ephucukileyo, njengokulawula iimpembelelo zerhafu, ukusebenzisa iimali zebhondi, okanye ukubandakanya iibhondi kwisicwangciso sotyalo-mali esibanzi esibandakanya isitokhwe, izindlu ezithengiswayo, okanye ezinye ii-asethi. Nokuba isikhokelo esisisiseko okanye izicwangciso ezintsonkothileyo, iingcebiso zobuchwephesha zinokuba sisixhobo esixabisekileyo kutyalo-mali lwebhondi.
Icandelo | Amaphuzu aphambili |
---|---|
Uphando kunye neNkuthalo efunekayo | Uphando olucokisekileyo malunga nabakhuphi bebhondi, ukukala kwamatyala, kunye neemeko zentengiso kubalulekile ukunciphisa umngcipheko. |
Qwalasela iinjongo zakho zoTyalo-mali | Lungelelanisa utyalo-mali lwebhondi kunye neenjongo zemali, ezifana nokuvelisa ingeniso, ukulondoloza inkunzi, okanye ukuxhasa ngezimali iindleko zexesha elizayo. |
Beka iliso kwiPotfoliyo yeBond yakho | Ukuphonononga rhoqo ukusebenza kwebhondi, iintsingiselo zenzala, kunye namanqaku okuthenga ngetyala ukuqinisekisa ukuba ipotifoliyo ihlala ihambelana neenjongo. |
Funa Iingcebiso Zengcali | Ukubonisana nomcebisi wezezimali kunokubonelela ngezicwangciso ezilungiselelweyo kunye nesikhokelo, ngakumbi kubatyali-mali abangenamava. |
isiphelo
Utyalo-mali lwebhondi lungadlala indima ebalulekileyo ekwakheni ipotifoliyo elungeleleneyo neyantlukwano, enikezela zombini uzinzo kunye nengeniso. Kubatyali-mali abaninzi, iibhondi zisebenza njengesiseko sokugcina inkunzi ngelixa zivelisa imbuyekezo eqikelelwayo ngeentlawulo zenzala rhoqo. Ingaba umtyalo-mali ufuna ukunciphisa umngcipheko, ukuvelisa ingeniso ezinzileyo, okanye ukulungelelanisa utyalo-mali kunye neenjongo zemali ezizayo, iibhondi zinika uluhlu olubanzi lwamathuba okuhlangabezana nezo mfuno.
Njengoko le bhlog ibonisile, ukuqonda iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zeebhondi-ezifana norhulumente, i-corporate, kunye neebhondi zikamasipala-kunokunceda abatyalo-mali benze ukhetho olunolwazi olusekelwe kukunyamezela komngcipheko kunye nembuyekezo efunwayo. Amagama aphambili afana nomhla wokuvuthwa, ireyithi yekhuphoni, kunye nokuvunwa ekukhuleni kubalulekile ekuvavanyeni iibhondi kunye nokuqinisekisa ukufaneleka kwazo kwiinjongo ezithile zemali. Ngaphezu koko, utyalo-mali lwebhondi lufuna indlela yobuchule, kunye namaqhinga afana nokunyuswa kweebhondi, ukwahluka, kunye nokulungelelanisa ukukhula kwebhondi kunye neenjongo zobuqu zemali ezidlala indima ebalulekileyo ekuphuculeni ukusebenza kakuhle.
Nangona iibhondi zisoloko zibonwa njengotyalo-mali olunomngcipheko ophantsi xa kuthelekiswa nezitokhwe, kubalulekile ukuqaphela imingcipheko enokubakho ebandakanyekayo, njengomngcipheko wenzala, umngcipheko wetyala, umngcipheko wokunyuka kwamaxabiso, kunye nomngcipheko wokuhlawula amatyala. Ukuzazi ezi ngozi kunye nokwazi indlela yokulawula kubalulekile kwimpumelelo kutyalo-mali lwebhondi. Ngokuqhuba uphando olucokisekileyo, ukubeka iliso kwipotifoliyo, kunye nokufuna iingcebiso zobuchwephesha xa kuyimfuneko, abatyali-zimali banokujongana nale mingcipheko kwaye bakhulise amandla okuba neziphumo ezilungileyo.
Isishwankathelo, iibhondi zibonelela ngendlela ethembekileyo yokufezekisa uzinzo lwezemali, ukugcina imali eyinkunzi, kunye nokwenza ingeniso. Ingaba isetyenziswe njengesithuthi sokuqala sotyalo-mali okanye njengenxalenye yesicwangciso esibanzi sokulinganisela iphothifoliyo, iibhondi zinokuhlangabezana neemfuno ezahlukeneyo zotyalo-mali. Ngokukhetha ngononophelo iibhondi, ukuqonda iimpawu zabo, kunye nokusebenzisa amacebo acingisisiweyo, abatyali-mali banokuthatha intengisovantage kwiibhenefithi ezininzi ezinokuziswa lutyalo-mali lwebhondi.