Zihlahlelwa njani iiNkcazo zeMali zeNkampani

1. Ukuqonda iSiseko seeNgxelo zeMali

Ukuntywila kwihlabathi lohlalutyo lwemali, umntu kufuneka aqonde kuqala ubume obusisiseko kunye namacandelo enkcazo yemali. Basebenza njengesiseko sohlalutyo lwenkampani, enikezela ngomfanekiso wempilo yemali yefemu kunye nokusebenza.

The ishiti yokudibanisa izibalo, elokuqala kula maxwebhu abalulekileyo, libonelela ngomfanekiso wempahla yenkampani, amatyala, kunye nezabelo zezabelo ngexesha elithile. Ii-asethi ziquka yonke into eyeyenkampani, ukusuka kwikheshi kunye ne-inventri ukuya kwipropathi nezixhobo. Amatyala, kwelinye icala, amele into etyalwa yinkampani, kubandakanywa iimali-mboleko, ii-akhawunti ezihlawulwayo, kunye netyala lexesha elide. Umahluko phakathi kwee-asethi kunye namatyala usinika ukulingana kwenkampani, edla ngokubizwa ngokuba yi-equity yabanini zabelo.

Okulandelayo kuza Isiteyithimenti sengeniso. Olu xwebhu lubonisa ingeniso yenkampani, iindleko, kunye neendleko kwithuba lexesha, inika umfanekiso ocacileyo wenzuzo yefemu. Ingeniso, eyaziwa ngokuba ngowona mgca uphezulu, iveliswa kushishino olungundoqo lwenkampani. Iindleko kunye neendleko, ezixhuzulwa kwingeniso, ziquka iindleko zeempahla ezithengisiweyo, iindleko zokusebenza, iirhafu kunye nenzala. Inani lokugqibela, ingeniso eshiyekileyo, lihlala libhekiselwa kulo njengeyona nto isezantsi, kwaye libonisa inzuzo yenkampani.

Ingxelo yesithathu engundoqo yile ingxelo yokuhamba kwemali. Ngokungafaniyo nengxelo yengeniso, enokuchatshazelwa yinkqubo yobalo-mali, ingxelo yokuhamba kwemali ibonelela ngembono ethe ngqo ngakumbi yemali eyenziwa yinkampani kunye nalapho ichithwa khona. Yahlulwe yangamacandelo amathathu: ukungena kwemali evela kwimisebenzi yokusebenza, imisebenzi yotyalo-mali, kunye nemisebenzi yenkxaso-mali.

• Imisebenzi yokusebenza zibandakanya iziphumo zemali zentengiselwano ezidala iingeniso kunye neenkcitho. Isixelela ukuba yimalini eyimali eyenziwa ngumsebenzi weshishini ongundoqo wenkampani.
• Imisebenzi yokutyalomali bonisa ukuthengwa kwenkampani kunye neentengiso zempahla yexesha elide, njengepropathi kunye nezixhobo.
• Imisebenzi yemali bonisa ukuhamba kwemali ukusuka nangaphandle kwimithombo, njengababolekisi, abatyali-zimali, kunye nabaninizabelo.

Ukuqonda ezi nkcazo zintathu zezimali kubalulekile ekuhlalutyeni impilo yemali yenkampani. Banikezela ngedatha ekrwada eya kusetyenziswa kuhlalutyo lobungakanani bezemali, uhlalutyo lwentsingiselo, kunye nokuthelekisa ishishini, phakathi kwabanye. Iphepha lomncono libonisa ukuba yimalini na etyalayo yinkampani, ingxelo yengeniso ityhila indlela enengeniso ngayo imisebenzi, kwaye ingxelo yokungena nokuphuma kwemali idiza ukuba yimalini eveliswayo nesetyenzisiweyo.

1.1. Inkcazo kunye nokubaluleka kweeNkcazo zeMali

Ehlabathini urhwebo, i Isiteyithimenti sezemali ifana nentliziyo yenkampani. Luxwebhu olubalulekileyo olubonelela traders kunye nesishwankathelo esibanzi sempilo yemali yenkampani. Kodwa yintoni kanye kanye ingxelo yezemali, kwaye kutheni ibaluleke kangaka?

Ingxelo yezemali, ngeyona ndlela ilula, yingxelo eneenkcukacha yemisebenzi yemali yenkampani. Yahlulwe yangamacandelo amathathu angundoqo: i-balance sheet, ingxelo yengeniso, kunye ne-cash flow statement.

The ishiti yokudibanisa izibalo ibonelela ngomfanekiso wempahla yenkampani, amatyala, kunye nezabelo zabanini zabelo ngexesha elithile. Inika tradeUkuqonda into eniniyo netyalayo yinkampani, kunye nemali etyalwe ngabaninizabelo.

The Isiteyithimenti sengeniso ibonisa ingeniso yenkampani, iindleko, kunye neendleko kwithuba lexesha. Le ngxelo ibalulekile traders njengoko ibonelela ngesishwankathelo senzuzo yenkampani, okanye ukunqongophala kwayo.

The ingxelo yokuhamba kwemali, kwelinye icala, ibonisa indlela utshintsho kwi-balance sheet kunye nengeniso echaphazela imali kunye nemali elinganayo. Ikwahlulahlula uhlalutyo ukuya kusebenza, utyalo-mali, kunye nemisebenzi yenkxaso-mali.

Ngala macandelo mathathu, ingxelo yezemali inika isishwankathelo esibanzi semeko yemali yenkampani. Kodwa kutheni ibalulekile?

Ukubaluleka kweengxelo zemali akunakubaxwa. Basebenza njengesixhobo esibalulekileyo trader ukwenza izigqibo ezizizo. Ngokuhlalutya iingxelo zemali zenkampani, traders inokuvavanya inzuzo yenkampani, utywala, i-solvency, kunye nokusebenza kakuhle.

Ngeengxelo zemali, traders inokuchonga iintsingiselo kunye neepateni kwindlela yokusebenza kwemali yenkampani, iqikelela intsebenzo yexesha elizayo, kwaye yenza uthelekiso nezinye iinkampani ezikushishino olufanayo. Basenokuchonga iiflegi ezibomvu ezinokubakho, ezinjengokunyusa amanqanaba etyala okanye ukuhla kweengeniso, ezinokubonisa imiba esisiseko kwinkampani.

Njenge traders, kubalulekile ukuqonda inkcazo kunye nokubaluleka kweengxelo zemali. Ayingomaxwebhu nje azaliswe ngamanani, kodwa zizixhobo ezinamandla ezinokukunceda wenze izigqibo ezizizo kunye nezicwangcisiweyo zokurhweba.

1.2. Amacandelo aPhambili kwiiNkcazo zeMali

Xa ungena kwihlabathi leengxelo zemali, kubalulekile ukuqonda amacandelo aphambili enza la maxwebhu.

The Ishiti yokudibanisa izibalo, ekwaziwa njengengxelo yobume bemali, inika umfanekiso wempilo yemali yenkampani ngexesha elithile. Yahlulwe yangamacandelo amathathu angundoqo: ii-asethi, amatyala, kunye nobulungisa babanini-zabelo. impahla zizibonelelo zenkampani, ezinokuvelisa inzuzo yezoqoqosho kwixesha elizayo. Amatyala bamele izibophelelo kumaqela esithathu, ngelixa Imali yabanini zabelo yinzala eyintsalela kwii-asethi zenkampani emva kokutsalwa kwamatyala.

Okulandelayo, sine Isiteyithimenti sengeniso. Olu xwebhu lushwankathela ingeniso yenkampani, iindleko, kunye neendleko kwixesha elithile. Iqala ngengeniso epheleleyo, itsalela iindleko zeempahla ezithengisiweyo (COGS) ukufika kwingeniso epheleleyo. Emva kokutsalwa kweendleko zokusebenza, inzala, kunye neerhafu, sifika kwingeniso eyintsalela, eyinzuzo okanye ilahleko yenkampani ngelo xesha.

The Ingxelo yokuhamba kwemali lelinye icandelo elibalulekileyo. Ibonelela ngolwazi malunga nerisithi zemali zenkampani kunye neentlawulo zemali ngexesha lobalo. Yahlulwe yangamacandelo amathathu: imisebenzi yokusebenza, imisebenzi yotyalo-mali, kunye nemisebenzi yenkxaso-mali.

Ekugqibeleni, kukho Ingxelo yoTshintsho kuLingano. Inika ingxelo eneenkcukacha zotshintsho kwizabelo zenkampani ngexesha elithile. Ibandakanya amacandelo afana nenkunzi ekhutshiweyo, imivuzo egciniweyo, kunye nabanye oovimba.

Xa uhlalutya ezi nkcazo, kubalulekile ukuba ungajongi nje kumanani kodwa uqonde ibali elisemva kwawo. Umzekelo, ingeniso ephezulu yesambuku luphawu olulungileyo, kodwa ukuba kungenxa yeenzuzo zexesha elinye kwaye ayiphindi ingeniso, inokungazinzisi ekuhambeni kwexesha. Ngokufanayo, inkampani ene-asethi ephezulu kodwa kunye namatyala aphezulu isenokungazinzi ngokwemali njengoko ibonakala.

Ukuqonda la macandelo abalulekileyo kunye nokunxibelelana kwawo kubalulekile ekuhloleni impilo yemali yenkampani kunye nokwenza izigqibo zorhwebo ezinolwazi.

2. Uhlahlelo lweeNkcazo zeMali

Ukuntywila entliziyweni yohlalutyo lweengxelo zemali, sizifumana sihamba kumaza aziphithizelayo Amaphepha okulinganisa, Iingxelo zeNgeniso, yaye Iingxelo zokuHamba kweMali. Ngalinye kula maxwebhu linika imbono eyodwa kwimpilo yemali yenkampani, kwaye ukuyiqonda kubaluleke kakhulu ekwenzeni izigqibo zorhwebo ezinolwazi.

The Ishiti yokudibanisa izibalo ifana nomfanekiso wemeko yemali yenkampani ngexesha elithile. Inika iinkcukacha ngempahla yenkampani, amatyala, kunye nobulungisa babanini zabelo, inika isishwankathelo esipheleleyo sento ephethwe yinkampani netyala yona, kwakunye utyalo-mali yenziwe ngabaninizabelo. Xa uhlalutya i-balance sheet, traders kufuneka sinikele ingqalelo kakhulu kwinkampani Ukulinganiswa kwangoku (ii-asethi zangoku ezahlulwe ngamatyala akhoyo), nto leyo enika ukuqonda kubuchule benkampani bokuhlawula izibophelelo zayo zexesha elifutshane.

Okulandelayo kuza Isiteyithimenti sengeniso, ingxelo yengeniso yenkampani ngexesha elichaziweyo. Ichaza ingeniso yenkampani, iindleko, kunye neendleko, ezikhokelela kwingeniso eseleyo. Abarhwebi kufuneka bajonge iindlela zokukhula kwengeniso kunye nengeniso eyintsalela, kunye neendleko zeempahla ezithengisiweyo (COGS) kunye neendleko zokusebenza. Umlinganiselo obalulekileyo wokuhlalutya apha inzuzo imajini (ingeniso eshiyekileyo eyahlulwe ngengeniso iyonke), nto leyo ebonisa ukuba yimalini inzuzo eyenziwayo ngedola yokuthengisa.

Inxalenye yokugqibela yale phazili yezemali yile Ingxelo yokuhamba kwemali. Olu xwebhu lurekhoda indlela utshintsho kwi-balance sheet akhawunti kunye nengeniso ekuchaphazela ngayo imali kunye nezinto ezilingana nemali, kwaye luhlahlela uhlalutyo ukuya ekusebenzeni, utyalo-mali kunye nemisebenzi yezemali. Kuba traders, kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba inkampani ingabonisa ingeniso kwisiteyitimenti sengeniso, kodwa ibesengxakini ukuba ukungena kwayo kwemali kumbi.

• Imisebenzi yokuSebenza: Eli candelo libonisa imali eyenziwe kwishishini eliphambili lenkampani. Ibonisa ukuba yimalini na evela kwiimveliso okanye kwiinkonzo zenkampani.
• Imisebenzi yokuTyala: Le nxalenye ibonisa imali esetyenzisiweyo kutyalo-mali kwizinto zexabiso, kunye nengeniso ngokuthengiswa kwamanye amashishini, izixhobo zokusebenza, okanye izinto zexesha elide.
• Imisebenzi yenkxaso-mali: Eli candelo libonisa imali ehlawulwe yaza yafunyanwa kwimithombo yangaphandle, njengababolekisi, abatyali-zimali, kunye nabaninizabelo.

I-metric ebalulekileyo nantsi Ukuhamba kwemali yasimahla (imali evela kwimisebenzi yokusebenza kuthatyathwe inkcitho enkulu), ebonisa ukuba yimalini eyimali eshiyekileyo yinkampani ukuze yandise ishishini layo okanye ibuyele kubanini-zabelo emva kokuba ihlawule iindleko zayo kwaye yenze utyalo-mali oluyimfuneko kwishishini layo.

Ngelixa inkqubo isenokubonakala inzima, ukuqonda ezi nkcazo zintathu zezimali kunye nemilinganiselo ephambili evela kuzo sisakhono esibalulekileyo kuyo nayiphi na trader. Ibonelela ngefestile exabisekileyo kwimpilo yezemali yenkampani, exhobisayo trader ukwenza izigqibo ezizisiweyo nezinengeniso.

2.1. Uhlalutyo lomlinganiselo

Kwinkalo yohlalutyo lwemali, ukusetyenziswa kwe Uhlalutyo lomlinganiselo sisixhobo esinamandla esinokunika traders ujongo olunzulu, olunengqiqo ekusebenzeni kwenkampani. Obu buchwephesha bufana neglasi yokukhulisa ekuvumela ukuba uphonononge iingxelo zemali zenkampani, uxobula umva umaleko ukuveza impilo esisiseko yeshishini.

Uhlalutyo lweRatio lubandakanya uthelekiso lwezinto kwiingxelo zemali zenkampani. Olu lungelelwaniso lunokwahlulwa ngokubanzi lube ziindidi ezintlanu, nganye isebenzela injongo ethile:

• Imilinganiselo yoTywala: Ezi zilinganiso zilinganisa ukukwazi kwenkampani ukuhlangabezana nezibophelelo zayo zexesha elifutshane. Zibandakanya iRatio yangoku kunye neRatio eKhawulezayo.
• Imilinganiselo yeSolvency: Imilinganiselo yokuhlawula amatyala, njengeTyala kwiEquity Ratio, inika ingqiqo kwisakhono senkampani ukuhlangabezana nezibophelelo zayo zexesha elide.
• Imilinganiselo yoMsebenzi: Imilinganiselo yobuchule efana neReyishini yokuTshintsha kweMpahla kunye neRetiyo yeReyishini yokuGqibeleka iyanceda tradeIyayiqonda indlela inkampani ezisebenzisa ngayo izinto zayo kunye nokulawula amatyala ayo.
• Imilinganiselo yokufumana inzuzo: Ezi zilinganiso, kubandakanywa i-Net Profit Margin kunye ne-Return on Equity, zinokunceda traders ukulinganisa inzuzo yenkampani.
• Imilinganiselo yeProspect yeMarike: Imilinganiselo yeProspect yeMarike efana noMvuzo ngeSabelo ngasinye (EPS) kunye neXabiso kwiReyishini yeMvuzo (PE Ratio) inika traders imvakalelo yekamva lenkampani.

Ukuyiqonda le milinganiselo kubalulekile, kodwa okubaluleke ngokufanayo kukukwazi ukuyitolika ngokuchanekileyo. Umzekelo, umlinganiselo ophezulu wangoku ungabonisa isakhono esiqinileyo senkampani sokuhlangabezana nezibophelelo zayo zexesha elifutshane. Nangona kunjalo, inokucebisa ukuba inkampani ayisebenzisi ngokufanelekileyo impahla yayo yangoku okanye indawo yenkxaso-mali yexesha elifutshane.

Ngaphezu koko, kubalulekile ukuthelekisa ezi zilinganiso ngamaxesha ahlukeneyo kunye neenkampani ezikwishishini elifanayo. Olu hlalutyo lokuthelekisa lunokubonelela ngomfanekiso obanzi ngakumbi wentsebenzo yenkampani.

Khumbula, uHlahlelo lweRatio sisixhobo nje esinye kwi trader izixhobo zebhokisi. Kubalulekile ukuyisebenzisa ngokudibeneyo nezinye iindlela zokufumana umfanekiso opheleleyo wempilo yemali yenkampani. Kukwabalulekile ukuqonda imida yoHlahlelo lweRatio. Umzekelo, ixhomekeke kakhulu kulwazi olukwingxelo yemali yenkampani, enokungasoloko ibonisa ngokuchanekileyo ubunyani bezoqoqosho benkampani ngenxa yeemeko ezifana nezenzo zocwangciso-mali kunye nemigaqo-nkqubo yolawulo.

Ekugqibeleni, uHlalutyo lweRatio lunokubonelela ngeembono ezixabisekileyo, kodwa kufuneka zisetyenziswe ngobulumko kwaye zincediswe nezinye iindlela zokuhlalutya. Sisixhobo esinamandla, kodwa njengaso nasiphi na isixhobo, ukusebenza kwaso kuxhomekeke kubuchule nolwazi lomntu osisebenzisayo.

2.2. Uhlalutyo lwendlela

Ukuntywila nzulu kwihlabathi lokuhlalutya ingxelo yezemali, umntu akanakungayihoyi intsingiselo yohlalutyo lwentsingiselo. Uhlalutyo lwendlela sisixhobo esinamandla eso trader isebenzise ukuvavanya impilo yezemali kunye nokukhula okunokwenzeka kwenkampani. Ibandakanya ukuthelekisa idatha yembali kwixesha elichaziweyo ukuchonga iipateni ezihambelanayo okanye iintsingiselo.

Umzekelo, makhe siqwalasele ingeniso yenkampani. Ukuba ingeniso yenkampani ibisoloko ikhula kule minyaka imbalwa idlulileyo, luphawu oluhle olubonisa ukukhula kwenkampani. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukuhla komgangatho kunokuphakamisa iflegi ebomvu.

Nangona kunjalo, kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuba uhlalutyo lwentsingiselo alukho nje malunga nokuchonga iipateni. Imalunga nokugrumba nzulu ukuqonda izizathu ezibangela le mizila. Ukunyuka ngokukhawuleza kwengeniso kunokuba ngenxa yesiganeko sexesha elinye, njengokuthengiswa kwecandelo leshishini, kwaye kunokungabonakali ukukhula kwexesha elizayo.

Xa usenza uhlalutyo lwentsingiselo, traders ihlala igxile kwezi ndawo zingundoqo zilandelayo:

• Ukukhula kweNgeniso: Ukunyuka okungaguqukiyo kwingeniso kudla ngokuba luphawu oluhle. Nangona kunjalo, kubalulekile ukuqonda umthombo woku kukhula. Ngaba kungenxa yokunyuka kweentengiso, okanye kungenxa yesiganeko sexesha elinye?
• Inzala yeNzuzo: Ukonyuka komda wengeniso kubonisa ukuba inkampani ilawula iindleko zayo ngokufanelekileyo. Luphawu lokusebenza kakuhle.
• Buyela kwi-Equity (ROE): I-ROE ngumlinganiselo wengeniso yenkampani. I-ROE ekhulayo icebisa ukuba inkampani ivelisa inzuzo eninzi kwidola nganye ye-equity.
• Amanqanaba eTyala: Ukunyuka kwamanqanaba etyala kunokuba luphawu lwesilumkiso. Kubalulekile ukuthelekisa amanqanaba etyala lenkampani kunye noontanga bayo kwishishini ukuze ufumane umfanekiso ocacileyo.

Kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuba uhlalutyo lwentsingiselo yinkalo nje enye yohlalutyo lweengxelo zemali. Ngelixa ibonelela ngezimvo ezixabisekileyo, kufuneka isetyenziswe ngokudibeneyo nezinye izixhobo kunye nobuchule bovavanyo olubanzi.

Ngaphezu koko, ngelixa uhlalutyo lwentsingiselo lunokunceda ukuqikelela ukusebenza kwexesha elizayo, ayisiyondlela yobudenge. Intsebenzo yangaphambili ayisoloko isalathiso esichanekileyo seziphumo zexesha elizayo. Ngoko ke, traders kufuneka bayisebenzise njengesikhokelo, hayi isiqinisekiso. Kuhlala kubalulekile ukuqwalasela eminye imiba efana neemeko zentengiso, iintsingiselo zeshishini, kunye nemicimbi ethile yenkampani.

2.3. Uhlalutyo lokuthelekisa

As traders, siyazi ukuba iingxelo zemali zenkampani zingumqolo wenkqubo yethu yokwenza izigqibo. Kodwa, ukujonga nje ingxelo enye yemali yenkampani kufana nokuzama ukuqonda imovie ngokubukela umboniso omnye. Lucazululo lokuthelekisa olunika umfanekiso obanzi wempilo yemali yenkampani.

Qala ngokuthelekisa imali yenkampani kwithuba lexesha. Oku kwaziwa ngokuba uhlalutyo oluthe tye. Ikunika umfanekiso wendlela inkampani esebenze ngayo kule minyaka idlulileyo. Khangela iintsingiselo. Ngaba ingeniso iyakhula? Ngaba iindleko zilawulwa? Ngaba inqanaba letyala lenkampani liyakhula okanye liyehla? Olu lwazi lunokukunceda uqikelele ukusebenza kwexesha elizayo.

Okulandelayo, thelekisa imali yenkampani kunye nabakhuphisana nabo. Oku kwaziwa ngokuba uhlalutyo oluthe nkqo. Ikunceda ukuba uqonde apho inkampani imi khona kwishishini layo. Ukuba umyinge wenzuzo yenkampani ungaphezulu kunabo bakhuphisana nabo, inokubonisa ulawulo oluphezulu okanye imveliso eyodwa. Ukuba isezantsi, ingabonisa iingxaki.

Nantsi imilinganiselo emithathu engundoqo onokuyijonga ngexesha lohlalutyo lwakho lothelekiso:

1. Imajini yenzala: Oku kukuxelela ukuba ingakanani inzuzo eyenziwa yinkampani kwidola nganye yokuthengisa. Umda wengeniso ephezulu ungcono jikelele.
2. Buyela kwii-Asethi (ROA): Oku kulinganisa indlela inkampani ezisebenzisa ngayo izinto zayo ngokufanelekileyo ukwenza inzuzo. I-ROA ephezulu ibonisa inkampani esebenza kakuhle.
3. Ityala kwiReyishini yeEquity: Oku kulinganisa amandla emali yenkampani. Umlinganiselo ophezulu unokubonisa ukuba ngaphezulu ingozi kokungagqibekanga.

3. Ukutolika uHlahlelo

Ukuntywila kwimpilo yezemali yenkampani kufana nokujonga imisebenzi entsonkothileyo yomatshini onzima. Ifuna iliso elibukhali, ingqondo ebukhali, kunye nokuqonda ngokucokisekileyo i-jargon yezemali. Nje ukuba uqokelele idatha efunekayo kwiingxelo zemali zenkampani, owona mceli-mngeni uyaqala: ukutolika.

Into yokuqala ekufuneka uyiqaphele kukuba amanani ewodwa akathethi lonke ibali. Umxholo ngundoqo. Ngokomzekelo, umlinganiselo wetyala eliphezulu unokubonakala usoyika ekuqaleni, kodwa ukuba elo tyala lisetyenziselwa ukuxhasa ukukhula kwicandelo elikhulayo, kusenokungabi yinto embi kangako. Ngokufanayo, umyinge wengeniso ephantsi unokubonakala udanisa, kodwa ukuba inkampani ikushishino olukhuphisana kakhulu apho imida isezantsi, inokuba iqhuba kakuhle kakhulu.

Ukwenza intsingiselo yamanani, kubalulekile ukuwathelekisa nawo imigangatho yoshishino kwaye idatha yezembali. Oku kuya kukunika ibhenchmark yokuvavanya ukusebenza kwenkampani.

• Imigangatho yoShishino: Ukuthelekisa ireshiyo yemali yenkampani kunye nezo zikhuphisana nazo kunokunika ukuqonda okubalulekileyo kwindlela esebenza ngayo. Ukuba imbuyekezo yenkampani kwi-equity iphezulu kakhulu kuneekhuphisana nayo, inokubonisa ulawulo oluphezulu okanye intengiso eyodwa yokhuphiswano.vantage.
• Idatha yezembali: Ukujonga ireyishini yemali yenkampani ngokuhamba kwexesha kunokuveza iintsingiselo ezinokuthi zingabonakali ngokukhawuleza kwiidatha zonyaka omnye. Ngokomzekelo, ukunyuka kwamatyala-to-equity ratio kunokucebisa ukuba inkampani iya ixhomekeke ngakumbi kwimali ebolekiweyo, enokuba yiflegi ebomvu.

Kwakhona, khumbula ukuthatha ingqalelo imeko yezoqoqosho. Indlela esebenza ngayo imali yenkampani ayikho nje kancinci. Ichatshazelwa zizinto ezifana umgangatho wenzala, ukunyuka kwamaxabiso, kunye nokukhula koqoqosho. Umzekelo, inkampani enenqanaba eliphezulu lamatyala ingasokola kwindawo enyukayo yenzala.

Kodwa, ungalibali ukuqwalasela iinkampani qhinga kunye nemodeli yeshishini. Inkampani enengeniso ephantsi kodwa umthamo wentengiso ephezulu inokuba ilandela isicwangciso sobunkokeli seendleko, ngelixa inkampani enengeniso ephezulu kodwa umthamo ophantsi wentengiso inokuba ilandela iqhinga lokwahlula. Ukuqonda isicwangciso senkampani kunokukunceda wenze ingqiqo ngomlinganiselo wayo wezezimali.

Ukutolika uhlalutyo lwezemali kuninzi njengobugcisa njengesayensi. Ifuna ukuqonda okunzulu ngeshishini, ishishini, kunye nemeko yezoqoqosho ngokubanzi. Kodwa ngokuziqhelanisa kunye nendlela efanelekileyo, inokubonelela ngemibono exabisekileyo kwimpilo yemali yenkampani kunye namathemba ekamva.

3.1. Ukuqonda Iimpembelelo zeRatios

Ukuntywila kuqala kwihlabathi lemilinganiselo yezemali kunokuba ngumsebenzi onzima kuyo nayiphi na trader, kodwa yinxalenye ebalulekileyo yokuqonda impilo yemali yenkampani. Imilinganiselo yi tradeIsixhobo esiyimfihlo sika-r, isixhobo semathematika esinqumla kwiingxelo zemali ezintsonkothileyo ukuveza amasuntswana olwazi.

Okokuqala, kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuba ulungelelwaniso luhlobo oluthile lwe-financial shorthand. Badibanisa ubutyebi bolwazi bube ngumfanekiso omnye, lula ukwetyisa. Umlinganiselo, enyanisweni, luthelekiso lwamanqaku amabini okanye ngaphezulu eenkcukacha zezimali. Yindlela yokunxulumanisa iqhekeza ledatha yezemali kwelinye ukunika umfanekiso obanzi wemeko yemali yenkampani.

Ngokomzekelo, khawucinge nge umyinge wangoku. Lo mlinganiselo uthelekisa ii-asethi zangoku zenkampani (imali, i-inventri, ii-akhawunti ezifunyenweyo) kunye namatyala akhoyo ngoku (amatyala exeshana elifutshane kunye neentlawulo). Umlinganiselo ophezulu wangoku ungabonisa ukuba inkampani inazo izixhobo zokukhawulelana nezibophelelo zayo zexesha elifutshane. Nangona kunjalo, umlinganiselo ophezulu kakhulu unokucebisa ukuba inkampani ayizisebenzisi kakuhle izinto zayo.

Makhe sihlolisise omnye umlinganiselo ongundoqo - le ityala-to-equity ratio. Ilinganisa umyinge wenkxaso-mali yenkampani evela kwityala xa ithelekiswa nobulungisa. Umlinganiselo ophezulu wetyala-to-equity unokubonisa umngcipheko ophezulu, njengoko kuthetha ukuba inkampani inesixa esikhulu setyala. Kodwa kwakhona, umongo ubalulekile. Amanye amashishini, njengezinto eziluncedo okanye ezonxibelelwano, ngokuqhelekileyo anamanqanaba aphezulu etyala ngenxa yobume bawo obufuna inkunzi.

Umda wenzuzo ngomnye umlinganiselo lowo traders isoloko iphonononga. Ibonisa ukuba ingakanani inzuzo eyenziwa yinkampani kwidola nganye yokuthengisa. Umyinge wenzuzo ephezulu ubonisa inkampani enengeniso eninzi enolawulo olungcono kwiindleko zayo xa kuthelekiswa nabakhuphisana nabo.

Emva koko kukho imbuyekezo kwi-equity (ROE). Lo mlinganiselo ulinganisa indlela ulawulo olusebenzayo olusebenzisa ngayo impahla yenkampani ukwenza inzuzo. I-ROE ephezulu ithetha ukuba inkampani isebenza kakuhle ekuveliseni inzuzo. Kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuba umlinganiselo sisiqwengana nje esinye sephazili. Kufuneka zisetyenziswe ngokubambisana nezinye izixhobo zokuhlalutya imali ukwakha umfanekiso opheleleyo wempilo yemali yenkampani. Ngaphezu koko, ulungelelwaniso kufuneka luthelekiswe kuzo zonke iinkampani kwishishini elifanayo, njengoko imimiselo inokwahluka kakhulu.

Khumbula, njenge trader, injongo yakho kukwenza izigqibo ezizizo. Ukuqonda iimpembelelo zomlinganiselo linyathelo elibalulekileyo ekuphumezeni loo njongo. Ke, bhinqa imikhono yakho kwaye uzintywilisele kwihlabathi elinomdla lokulinganisa imali. Umvuzo uwufanele umgudu.

3.2. Ukufunda Phakathi Kwemigca

Kwilizwe elinomdla lohlalutyo lwemali, akukhona nje ngamanani. Imalunga nokuba yintoni na loo manani kuthetha. Ukukwazi ukutolika kunye nokuqonda ibali elisisiseko emva kwamanani sisakhono esibalulekileyo kuyo nayiphi na i-savvy trader.

Makhe sihlolisise ummandla weengxelo zemali, apho yonke into ithetha lukhulu malunga nempilo yemali yenkampani. Yicinge njengebali labacuphi, apho udibanisa imikhondo ukuze ufumane umfanekiso opheleleyo.

Okokuqala, le iingxelo zengenisot. Olu xwebhu lukuxelela ukuba yimalini na ingeniso eyenziwe yinkampani kwixesha elithile kwaye ingakanani na loo nto iguqulwe yaba yingeniso eshiyekileyo. Kodwa musa ukugxila kumgca ongezantsi. Jonga kwi Umda we-gross, umda wokusebenza, kunye ne-net margin. Le milinganiselo inokutyhila impumelelo yenkampani ekulawuleni iindleko zayo.

Emva koko, ishiti yokudibanisa izibalo. Le ngxelo ibonelela ngomfanekiso wempahla yenkampani, amatyala, kunye nezabelo zabanini zabelo ngexesha elithile. Kubalulekile ukuvavanya umlinganiselo wetyala-to-equity, onokubonisa ukuba ungakanani umngcipheko othathwa yinkampani.

Emva koko, kukho ingxelo yokuhamba kwemali. Olu xwebhu lubonisa imali engenayo nephumayo kwinkampani. Kubalulekile ukuvavanya ukuhamba kwemali evela kwimisebenzi, ebonisa ukuba umsebenzi ongundoqo wenkampani unengeniso na.

• Ngaba inkampani ivelisa ukuhamba kwemali okulungileyo kwimisebenzi yayo?
• Ihamba njani imali yenkampani xa ithelekiswa nengeniso yayo yonke?
• Ngaba inkampani ityala imali ekukhuleni kwayo kwixesha elizayo?

Nangona kunjalo, akwanelanga ukujonga nje amanani ngokuzimeleyo. Kufuneka uzithelekise namaxesha angaphambili kunye nezinye iinkampani ezikwishishini elifanayo. Oku kuya kukunika ukuqonda ngcono ukusebenza kwenkampani kunye nesikhundla sayo sokhuphiswano.

Ukongezelela, nikela ingqalelo kwimibhalo esemazantsi. Banokunika ulwazi oluxabisekileyo kwiindlela zokubala zenkampani, amatyala anokubakho, kunye nezinye iinkcukacha ezibalulekileyo ezinokuthi zingabonakali kumanani odwa.

Khumbula, uhlalutyo lwezemali luninzi lobugcisa njengoko luyinzululwazi. Ifuna iliso elibukhali, ingqondo ebukhali, kunye nokuqonda okunzulu kwemisebenzi yeshishini. Njenge trader, ukukwazi kwakho ukufunda phakathi kwemigca inokuba sisitshixo ekuboneni amathuba anengeniso kunye nokulawula ukucima imigibe enokubakho.

4. Ukusebenza ngokuSebenzayo koHlahlelo lweNgxelo yeMali

Kwihlabathi lorhwebo, ukuqonda impilo yemali yenkampani kubaluleke kakhulu. Uhlalutyo lwengxelo yezemali lunika ulwazi oluxabiseke kakhulu kwingeniso yenkampani, ukuba nemali yokuhlawula amatyala, kunye nokuzinza kwezemali ngokubanzi. Olu hlalutyo alukho nje malunga namanani aqhekezayo; imalunga nokutolika la manani ukwenza izigqibo zorhwebo ezinolwazi.

Okokuqala, ingxelo yengeniso sisixhobo esibalulekileyo sokuvavanya ingeniso yenkampani. Inika inkcazo eneenkcukacha yengeniso yenkampani, iindleko kunye neendleko. Abarhwebi kufuneka banike ingqwalasela enkulu kwingeniso yenkampani, njengoko ibonisa amandla enkampani ukwenza inzuzo. Ukwanda kwengeniso eshiyekileyo luphawu oluhle, olubonisa ukukhula kwenkampani.

Okwesibini, i-balance sheet inikezela ngomfanekiso wempahla yenkampani, amatyala, kunye nobulungisa babanini-zabelo kwindawo ethile ngexesha. Ii-asethi ziquka yonke into eyeyenkampani, ukusuka kwikheshi kunye noluhlu lwempahla ukuya kwipropathi nezixhobo. Amatyala, kwelinye icala, amele into eyityala yinkampani, njengemali-mboleko kunye neeakhawunti ezihlawulwayo. Umahluko phakathi kwee-asethi kunye namatyala usinika i-equity yabanini-zabelo, emele ixabiso eliseleyo lenkampani.

I-balance sheet esempilweni kufuneka ibonise ukunyuka okuthe chu kwii-asethi kunye nokuncipha kwamatyala ngokuhamba kwexesha. Ukuba amatyala angaphezulu kwee-asethi, yiflegi ebomvu, ebonisa iingxaki zemali ezinokubakho.

Okwesithathu, ingxelo yokungena nokuphuma kwemali lolunye uxwebhu oluyimfuneko traders. Ibonisa indlela inkampani eyilawula ngayo imali yayo, yahlulwe yangamacandelo amathathu: imisebenzi yokusebenza, imisebenzi yotyalo-mali, kunye nemisebenzi yokuxhasa ngemali. Ukuhamba kwemali okuhle okuvela kwimisebenzi yokusebenza luphawu oluhle, olucebisa ukuba inkampani yenza ingeniso eyaneleyo yokuhlawula iindleko zayo zokusebenza.

Okokugqibela, ingxelo yezabelo zamashishini ezingenanzala emisiweyo ibonisa utshintsho kwizabelo zezabelo kwixesha elithile. Ibandakanya ukukhutshwa kwesitokhwe esitsha, izabelo ezihlawulweyo, kunye nengeniso eshiyekileyo yenkampani okanye ilahleko. Ukunyuka okuthe chu kwi-equity yabanini-zabelo kubonisa inkampani esempilweni ngokwasezimalini.

4.1. Indlela abarhwebi abanokusebenzisa ngayo uhlalutyo lweNkcazo yeMali

Uhlalutyo lwengxelo yemali sisixhobo esinamandla ezandleni ze traders. Inika iimbono ezixabisekileyo kwimpilo yemali yenkampani, ivumela trader ukwenza izigqibo ezizizo. Ukuqonda amacandelo aphambili engxelo yemali nendlela yokutolika ibalulekile.

• Ishiti yokudibanisa izibalo: Le ngxelo ibonelela ngomfanekiso wempahla yenkampani, amatyala, kunye nezabelo zabanini zabelo ngexesha elithile. Abarhwebi banokusebenzisa oku ukuvavanya ubungakanani bemali yenkampani, amandla, kunye nokwakhiwa kwenkunzi.
• Isiteyithimenti sengeniso: Le ngxelo ishwankathela ingeniso yenkampani, iindleko, kunye neendleko kwithuba lexesha. Abarhwebi banokusebenzisa oku ukuvavanya inzuzo yenkampani, ukusebenza kakuhle, kunye neendlela zokukhula kwengeniso.
• Ingxelo yokuHamba kweMali: Le ngxelo ibonisa ukuba utshintsho kwi-balance sheet akhawunti kunye nengeniso zichaphazela njani imali kunye nemali elinganayo. Ikwahlulahlula uhlalutyo ukuya kusebenza, utyalo-mali, kunye nemisebenzi yenkxaso-mali. Abarhwebi banokusebenzisa oku ukuqonda ukuhamba kwemali yenkampani kwimisebenzi yayo ephambili.

Uhlalutyo lomlinganiselo yenye indlela esebenzayo yohlalutyo lweengxelo zemali. Kubandakanya ukuthelekisa amanani ahlukeneyo ukusuka kwi-balance sheet, ingxelo yengeniso, kunye nengxelo yokuhamba kwemali ukuchonga iipateni, iintsingiselo kunye nezinto ezingaqhelekanga. Eminye yemilinganiselo eqhelekileyo esetyenziswa yi traders ibandakanya i-Price-to-Earnings (P / E) ratio, iTyala-to-Equity (D / E) ratio, kunye nomlinganiselo wangoku.

Ngokomzekelo, i Umlinganiselo weP/E Unceda traders ivavanya ukuba ixabiso lesitokhwe senkampani lixatyiswe kakhulu okanye alixatyiswanga. Umlinganiselo ophezulu we-P / E unokucebisa ukuba isitokhwe sigqithise, okanye sinokubonisa ukuba abatyali-mali balindele ukukhula okuphezulu kwixesha elizayo.

The Umlinganiselo we-D/E ngumlinganiselo wengeniso yemali yenkampani, ebonelela ngengqiqo kwinqanaba lomngcipheko onxulumene nenqanaba letyala lenkampani. Umlinganiselo ophezulu we-D/E unokubonisa umngcipheko ophezulu wokusilela okanye ukubhanga.

Gqibela, i Umyinge wangoku lumlinganiselo wemali yokuhlawula amatyala olinganisa ukukwazi kwenkampani ukuhlawula izibophelelo zexesha elifutshane nezexesha elide. Umlinganiselo ophezulu wangoku ubonisa ukuba inkampani inakho ukuhlawula izibophelelo zayo.

Ukuqukumbela, uhlalutyo lwengxelo yezemali sisakhono esisisiseko se traders. Ibanika ukuqonda okunzulu ngempilo yemali yenkampani, ibancede benze izigqibo ezingcono zorhwebo. Abarhwebi abanobuchule bokuhlalutya ingxelo yezemali banokuba nesiphelo esibalulekileyo kwimarike.

4.2. Iimeko zeCase kuRhwebo

Xa kuziwa ekurhwebeni, akukhona nje ngamanani kunye neetshathi; ikwamalunga namabali. Amabali avela kumaphepha ebhalansi, iingxelo zengeniso, kunye neetshati zokuhamba kwemali, aveza impilo, ukusebenza, kunye nokubanakho kwenkampani. Makhe singene kwiimeko ezimbalwa ukuqonda ukuba ukuhlalutya iinkcazo zemali zenkampani kunokuchaphazela njani izigqibo zorhwebo.

Khawucinge ukuba ucinga ngokutyala imali kwiNkampani A. Uqala ngokuyivavanya ishiti yokudibanisa izibalo. Uqaphela ukunyuka okubonakalayo kwii-asethi zayo zangoku, ngokukodwa kwimali kunye nezinto ezilingana nemali. Oku kungabonisa ukuba inkampani isempilweni ngokwasezimalini kwaye inamatyala awoneleyo okuhlawula amatyala ayo exeshana elifutshane. Nangona kunjalo, ukujonga ngokufutshane kwicandelo lamatyala kubonisa ukunyuka okukhulu kwamatyala exeshana elifutshane. Oku kunokuba yiflegi ebomvu ebonisa uxinzelelo lwezemali okanye ulawulo lwezemali oluyingozi.

Emva koko, uqhubela phambili Isiteyithimenti sengeniso. Apha, uyaqaphela ukuba ingeniso yeNkampani A ibisoloko ikhula, kodwa ingeniso yayo iyehla. Oku kunokubangelwa kukunyuka kweendleko okanye ukuhla komda, okunokuchaphazela ingeniso yenkampani ekuhambeni kwexesha.

Ekugqibeleni, uhlalutya ifayile ingxelo yokuhamba kwemali. Ngaphandle kokuhla kwengeniso, ubona ukuhamba kwemali okuqinisekileyo okuvela kwimisebenzi yokusebenza. Oku kuthetha ukuba inkampani yenza imali ngokufanelekileyo kwimisebenzi yayo yoshishino oluphambili.

• Ityala loku-1: Inkampani A inokuba lutyalo-mali olulungileyo ukuba inokulawula ityala layo lexeshana elifutshane kwaye ilawule iindleko zayo. Ukuhamba kwemali okunamandla luphawu oluthembisayo.
• Ityala lesi-2: Ukuba inkampani iyasilela ekulawuleni amatyala kunye neendleko, oko kunokukhokelela kuxinzelelo lwezemali, iyenze ibe lutyalo-mali oluyingozi.

Kwenye imeko, ujonge kwiNkampani B. I-balance sheet yayo ibonisa ukuhla kwee-asethi zangoku kunye nokunyuka kwamatyala exesha elide, nto leyo ebonisa iingxaki ezinokubakho zokungabi namali. Nangona kunjalo, ingxelo yengeniso yayo ibonisa ukukhula okungaguquguqukiyo kwingeniso eyintsalela, kwaye ingxelo yayo yokuhamba kwemali ibonisa ukuhamba kwemali okulungileyo kwimisebenzi yotyalo-mali ngenxa yokuthengiswa kweyunithi yoshishino.

• Ityala lesi-3: Inkampani B inokuba lutyalo-mali oluyingozi ngenxa yemicimbi yayo yokuhlawula amatyala. Nangona kunjalo, ukuba inokusebenzisa imali evela kwiyunithi yeshishini elithengisiweyo ukulawula amatyala ayo, inokujika.
• Ityala lesi-4: Ukuba inkampani iyasilela ukulawula amatyala ayo, inokujongana noxinzelelo lwezemali, nto leyo iyenza ibeyityala eliyingozi nangona inengeniso entle.

Ezi meko zibonisa indlela uhlahlelo lwengxelo yemali yenkampani enokubonelela ngayo traders kunye nokuqonda okuxabisekileyo, ukubanceda ukuba benze izigqibo zorhwebo benolwazi. Khumbula, umtyholi ukwiinkcukacha, kwaye ezi nkcukacha zinokufumaneka rhoqo kwiingxelo zemali.